Ap Gov Vocab 1

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Categorical Grant

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given to states for a specific purpose

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AFDC

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aid to families with dependent children, welfare (formula grant)

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Conditions of Aid

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terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds

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Delegated Powers

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same as enumerated powers

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enumerated powers

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established in Section 8 Article 1 of the Constitution, 19 total, direct powers given to the federal government

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Federal System

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a system of government in which the federal government and state governments derive their powers from the people, so power is divided

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grants-in-aid

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federal money given to states

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initiative

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voters may propose a statute, constitutional amendment, or ordinance, and compel a popular vote on its adoption

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interstate compacts

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an agreement between two or more states, not allowed under the constitution without approval of the US Congress

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loose construction

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a broad interpretation of the constitution

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McCullogh v. Maryland

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supreme court case, increased the power of the federal government (can establish national bank) and decreased the state government (could not tax this bank)

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model cities

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an element of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on poverty. new legislation leading to more than 150 five year long model city experiments to develop new anti-poverty programs and alternative forms of municipal government

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new federalism

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a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the federal government back to the states

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preemption

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the rule of law that if the federal government through Congress has enacted legislation on a subject matter it shall be controlling over state laws and/or preclude the state from enacting laws on the same subject if Congress has specifically stated it has "occupied the field"

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revenue sharing

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the distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments

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17th amendement

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ratified in 1913, providing for the election of two US senators from each state by popular vote for a term of 6 years

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strict construction

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a literal interpretation of the constitution (Jefferson)

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third order devolution

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use of nongovernmental organizations to implement public policy

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bill of attainder

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an act of legislature finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial

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commerce clause

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gives congress the power to "regulate commerce with foreign nations, among several states, and with the Indian tribes"

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confederal system

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a confederate system sits at the other extreme in terms of centralization: loose relationship among a number of smaller political units. Majority of power in local governments

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devolution

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the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration

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ex post facto law

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an ex post facto law is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law

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federal republic

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a form of government made up of federal state with a constitution and self-governing sub-units

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Gibbons v. Ogden

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suit over whether NY could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters- Congress has the sole power to regulate commerce

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Intergovernmental Lobby

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an interest group made up of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials who depend on federal funds

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intrastate commerce

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commerce (buying and selling) within the borders of one single state

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James Madison

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federalist, author of Federalist #10 and #51

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Mandate

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rule imposed by the federal government on states as conditions for obtaining federal grants or requirements that the states pay the costs of certain nationally defined programs

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national interests

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a countries goals and ambitions (economic, social, military, etc.)

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nullification

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a theory first advanced by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson that states had the right to "nullify" a federal law that, in the states opinion, violated the constitution

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recall

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a procedure, in effect in over twenty states, whereby the voters can vote to remove an elected official from office

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second order devolution

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the glow of power and responsibility from states to local governments

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sovereignty

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supreme of ultimate political authority, a sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government

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supremacy clause

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the clause in United States Constitution stating that all laws made furthering the Constitution and all treaties made under the authority of the US are the "supreme law of the land"

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unitary system

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a system in which sovereignty is holly in the hands of the national government so that sub-national political units are dependent on its will

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block grant

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grants of money from the federal government to states for programs in certain general areas rather than for specific kinds of programs

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concurrent powers

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powers shared by the federal government and the states

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creeping categorization

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due to the conditions added by congress that set requirements for how federal grants are to be spent, block grants become more categorical

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dual federalism

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a constitutional theory that the national government and the state governments each have defined areas of authority, especially over commerce

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extradition clause

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criminals will be extradited back to the state in which he/she committed the alleged crime

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full faith and credit clause

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addresses the duties that state within the United States have to "respect the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state"

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implied powers

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grants Congress a set of so-called implied powers, that is, powers not explicitly named in the Constitution but assumed to exist due to their being necessary to implement the expressed powers that are named in Article 1

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interstate commerce

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commerce between different states

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land grant college

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an institution of higher education in the US designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts (gave each state federal land for each member in their confressional delegation)

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John Marshall

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supreme court justice

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medicaid

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a joint federal and state program that helps low-income individuals or families pay for the costs associated with long-term medical and custodial care, provided they qualify Although largely federally funded, it is run by the states which is why coverage may vary

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necessary and proper clause

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congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying out government duties

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police powers

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the power of a state to promote health, safety, and morals

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referendum

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the practice of submitting a law to a popular vote at election time. the law may be proposed by an individuals initiative or by the legislature

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16th amendment

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allows the federal government to levy an income tax from all americans

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states rights

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the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government

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10th amendment

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further defines the balance of power between the federal government and the states, the amendment says that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the constitution