A&p Gardening Midterm Flashcards

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Floriculture

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A discipline of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens, landscapes, and th floral industry.

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Annual

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A plant that completes it's life cycle in one growing season.

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Perennial

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A plants that grows indefinitely, remaining or returning on its own roots each year.

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USDA Plant Hardiness Map

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Based on average minimum temperatures.

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AHS Plant Heat Zone Maps

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Based on average number of days above 86 degrees F/30 degrees C.

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Hardiness Zones in FL

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8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11

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Orchidaceae

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Largest plant family, very diverse, monocots, vanilla

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Zygomorphic

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Bilateral symmetry

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x-merous

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Petals, leaves, other parts in sets of x (x is a number, like 3)

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Asteraceae

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Second largest family, dicots, capitulate flowers, achene fruits.

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Apocynaceae

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Dicots, usually tropical, pinwheel shaped flowers, milky latex

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Lamiaceae

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Mint Family, dicots, square stems, aromatic, many herbs

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Solanaceae

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Dicots, many are poisonous, trumpet/salverform/tubular flowers, solitary or cymes

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Scrophulariaceae

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Dicots, very colorful flowers (usually 5-merous, bilabiate or tubular)

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Verbenaceae

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Dicots, tropicals, tubular flowers, widely used

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Amaranthaceae

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Dicots, widely varied/interesting flowers, usually bracts.

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Malvaceae

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Dicots, 'Hibiscus Family', staminal column (major spike in flower), cotton and okra, tropicals

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Bignoniaceae

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Dicots, mostly tropical, many vines, flowers similar to Scropulariaceae

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Poaceae

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Grass family, monocots, cylindrical stems, spike flowers, many foods, building materials.

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Liliaceae

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Monocots, bulb plants, solitary flowers, tepals common.

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Iridaceae

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Monocots, fan-like leaves, large variety of flowers, rhizomes and corms, saffron

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Monocot

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One seed leaf/cotyledon

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Dicot

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Two seed leaves/cotyledons

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Actinomorphic

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Radial symmetry

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Bilabiate

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Two lipped; snapdragon

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Consider when planning a flower bed

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Temperature, soil moisture, hours of sunlight and shade, soil type

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Organic matter

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Manure, peat, compost

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Benefits of organic matter

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Improves nutrient holding capacity, water retention, buffers pH, increases porosity, improves soil structure

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How to take a soil sample

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1. Collect 10-15 samples of top 6 inches of soil from a place representative of the whole area.
2. Mix soil in bucket
3. Take out a subsample and place in bag to dry
4. Put in sample bag and send for sampling

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The most important aspect of the transplant establishment

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Water

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Proper Planting Steps

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1. Water plants and water bed.
2. Dig holes, 2x the diameter of the root ball, straight sides, slightly less deep than ball.
3. Check spacing requirements for each species.
4. Remove plants from pots and loosen circles roots and soil.
5. Place plants in hole with top of root ball above the soil.
6. Backfill; water; work soil to avoid air pockets; don't pack down!
7. Irrigate area well.

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Benefits of mulch

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Supress weeds, maintains soil moisture and temperature, reduces runoff, improves soil structure, permiability, aeration, nutrients

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Problems with mulch

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Destroys nutrient balance, dieseases, fire hazard, delay of winter hardiness, odor

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Organic mulch

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Wood chips, bark chips, yard waste, compost, pine needles

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Inorganic mulch

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Stone, rocks, gravel, tires

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Deadheading

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Removing old blooms to promote new blossoms

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Controlled-release fertilizer

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Slowly releases nutrients, safer for environment, release depends on environment and fertilizer

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Types of fertilizers

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Organic, soluble, controlled release

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Micro-irrigation

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Small abouts of water over smaller areas; considered 'better'

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Types of irrigation

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Overhead, Micro

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Invasive exotic

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A plant species that forms self sustaining and expanding populations within a natural plant community with which it had not previously been associated
A plant that is non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is
likely to cause economic or
environmental harm or harm to human health

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Effects of Invasive Plants

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-Damage natural areas
-Alter ecosystem processes
-Displace native species
-Hybridize with natives
-Support other damaging plants, animals and pathogens
-Tax dollars pay for management and removal

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Why does FL have a problem with invasives?

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-Peninsula
-Many ports
-Warm/humid
-High tourism
-Housing market

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FLEPPC

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Florida Exotic Pest Plant Control

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FLEPPC Invasiveness Categories

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Category I -non-native species known to have invaded Florida natural areas, and are displacing native plants or otherwise disrupting the
natural community structure and/or function.
Category II- plants considered to have a real potential to become Category I problems but are not yet known to be
disrupting natural-area communities.

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UF-IFAS Status Assesment of Invasives

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– ecological impact
– potential for expansion
– management difficulty
– commercial value

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A plant may be invasive if:

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–Wide latitudinal growing range
–Prior history of invasions
–Short juvenile period
–Long fruiting period; many seeds
–Extended seed longevity
–Vegetative reproduction
–Few predators/diseases

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Female sterile

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No female repro parts

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Male sterile

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No male repro parts

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Invasive plants in FL

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Lantana, Mexican Petunia, Primrose, Fountain Grass, Porterweed (just to name a few)

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Primary Colors

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Red, Blue, Yellow

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Secondary Colors

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Purple, Orange, Green

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Hue

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pure color in the spectrum (Red)

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Tint

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hue plus white (pink)

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Tone

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hue plus grey (Brick)

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Shade

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hue plus black (dark red)

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Monochromatic

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tints, tones and shades of the same hue (pink, red, maroon)

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Polychormatic

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Two or more hues

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Analogous

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Adjacent on color wheel (Yellow and green, purple and red)

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Contrasting

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opposite on color wheel
(Yellow and purple, orange and blue)

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Warm colors and feelings associated with them

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In general, excitement
Red- attention, smaller & nearer
Orange- hunger
Yellow- cheer

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Cool colors and feelings associated with them

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In general, slow down, relax
Blue- calm
Purple- passion

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Northern and Mediterranean Perennials

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-Longer, colder winters
-Cool nights
-Low humidity/low rainfall
Ex: Osteospermum - Cape Daisy; Winter annual in Florida

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Why are perennials so popular in FL now?

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Disney

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Tropical Perennials

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-Thrive in temperatures of 55-95°F
-Tolerate humidity and high rainfall
-Some damaged by frosts or freezes, but recover quickly

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Micro-Climates

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Small areas with their own climates within a larger climate (such as under a shady tree or behind a building)

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Considerations when designing with perennials

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-Preferences (yours or your customers’)
-Role of perennials
-Color
-Plant form and texture
-Seasonal color
-Non-flowering appearance
-Specimen plants versus massing

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Foliar perennials

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-Bold forms, colors, variegations
-Architectural - provide depth and personality
-Add a tropical flair
-Prolonged display

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Container plantings should use:

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Thrillers, fillers, and spillers

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True Bulb

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compressed stem (basal plate) with flower bud enclosed by thick bulb scales

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Tunicate bulb

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concentric layers

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Non-tunicate bulb

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scaly; no concentric layers

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Corm

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solid mass of stem tissue with terminal bud

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Tuber

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thickened underground stem with many buds (eyes) on the surface

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Rhizomes

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horizontal stems below or along ground

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Tuberous roots

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true roots with no nodes or internodes

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Temperate bulb

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Cold requirement, flower set, mostly deciduous

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Tropical bulb

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Evergreen and Deciduous, cold hardy, dormancy requirements with wet/dry conditions

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Awn

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Stiff bristle at tip of glume or lemma

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Caryopsis

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seed-like fruit with a thin outer wall; grain

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Evergreen grasses

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Winter hardy, tolerate freezing temps

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Culm

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stem of grass

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Floret

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single small flower as part of a spikelet or a head

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Glume

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lowest two empty scales under the usually fertile scales in grass spikelets

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Lemma

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lowermost of the two scales forming the floret in a grass spikelet

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Ligule

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extension of the summit of a grass sheath

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Deciduous grass

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Not winter hardy, will not tolerate freezing

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Clump or Bunch Grasses

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Compact tufts, width increases over time

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Creeping/Running/Spreading Grasses

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Spread aboveground by stolons or underground by rhizomes

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sheath

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base of grass leaf from node to blade

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Short grass uses

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Massing effect, ground cover, borders

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Medium grass uses

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Similar to shrubs and hedges, sometimes ground cover

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Tall grass uses

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Tall vertical accent, soften lines of buildings, hedges

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When and how should ornamental grasses be pruned?

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Late February to early March; cut very close to the ground, height varies with species

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Equisetaceae

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Grass Family
Whorls, hollow stems, cone-like structures at tips of stems

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Junaceae

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Grass Family
Round solid leaves. many seeded capsules

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Cyperaceae

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Grass Family
Three sided solid stems, achenes

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Araceae

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Grass Family
Simple flat leaves, rhizomes, berry

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Iridaceae

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Grass Family
Rhizomes, tepals, dry capsules, two ranked flat leaves

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Poaceae

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Grass Family