• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/157

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

157 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Bone Reabsorption
removing minerals and collagen with osteoclasts, breaking down the bone, reabsorbing them.
Bone Deposition
Osteoblasts (extracellular matrix) so minerals are deposited to become osteocytes.
Open/Compound Fracture
most severe, when the bone protrudes through the skin, very painful, requires surgery.
Comminuted Fracture
When bone splinters from impact sight, these are smaller fragments, requires surgery.
Greenstick Fracture
one side of the bone is broken, the other side just bends
Impacted Fracture
one end of fractured bone is driven into itself, makes bone shorter since it overlaps
Pott's Fracture
distal end of fibula has an injury at the distal end of the articulation (ankle) *falls down stairs or sports injury*
Colle's Fracture
the distal end of the lateral (radius) is displaced, movement in the wrist joint, they can't rotate their wrist.
Cartilage
dense connective tissue, able to withstand flexing, pressure, and tension. It's a shock absorber and in every single joint.
Bursa Sacs
has synovial fluid, located at the joint. Reduces friction when joints bend/move
What does absense in Bursa Sacs mean?
results in arthritis/osteoarthritis
Articulating Bone
the one that moves
Joint Capsule
the distal end of one bone and the proximal end of another. Includes Bursa Sac, Synovial Fluid, and Ligaments.
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
Tendons
attach muscle to bone
Sprains
injury of ligaments
Strain
injury of tendons
1st degree sprain
minor tear or stretch
ex: lifting weights
2nd degree sprain
tear of ligaments, causing pain & swelling
ex: limping
3rd degree sprain
complete rupture of the ligament
ex: common in sports
4th degree sprain
complete break of ligaments and small bones associated with it, requires surgery
5th degree sprain
tearing of every single ligament associated with the joint, also breaks one or more of the surrounding bones
ex: leg just hangs, not connected.
6th degree sprain
Limb must be amputated.
Waht does RICE stand for?
Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevation.
Immobile Joints
dont move, in the skull
Move Slightly joints
Pubic area, osa coxae
Move freely joints
elbows, knees, wrist, jaw
Fibrous Joint
short pieces of connective tissue, these are in immobile joints
Cartilagenous Joint
Discs of connective tissue, these are found in the spinal cord in freely moveable joints.
Synovial Joint
overlaps with cartilagenous joints, a liquid membrane. Only in free moving joints.
Pivot joint
a turn style joint, like in ulna and radius move without moving your shoulder.
Ball & Socket joint
most common, can move in any direction. Head into Fassa, shoulder and hips are examples
Hinge joint
opens or closes like a door, knees and elbows are examples
Gliding joint
found in carpals, it rocks back and forth, in flat or slightly curved bones. (wrist & ankle)
Saddle joint
rock up and down, they elevate. connects first metacarpal to carpal (thumb)
Ellipsoidal/Condyloid joint
movement from one plane to another, but no rotation. Like a pacman controller. Most common in fingers.
Flexion
toes point up, decreasing angle
Extension
toes point out, straightening a joint
Planter Flexion
pointing and bending toes
Dorsi Flexion
moving left and right "wiggle" feet
Abduction
Moving away from midline of body
Adduction
Moving towards midline of body
Inversion
Turning in. "pigeon toed"
Eversion
Turning out "hockey feet"
Supination
Turning palms up
Pronation
turning palms down
Circumduction
moving in a circle
ex: butterfly swimming
Retraction
Movning back
Protraction
pushing forward
Rotation
spin on axis, your head, pivot
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to bones and is striated. It is voluntery
Cardiac Muscle
not voluntery, also striated, only around heart for pumping blood
Smooth Muscle
within organs, blood vessels, and airways
Rules for naming muscles
Direction of muscle fibers, location, size, number of origins, shape, origin and insertion, action.
rectus
parallel (rectus femoris)
transverse
perpendicular to long axis of body
oblique
angled other than 90 degrees, not 0 or 180, but in between
______ moves toward the ______ during contractions
Insertion, origin.
Prime movers
cheif muscle, causing the movement
Antagonists
muscle that goes against the movement
Synergists
assists the prime mover
Fixators
prevent any unecessary movement
All levers have ....
resistance, fulcrum, and force
Epimysium
connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire fiber (the white shit on top of muscles)
Perimysium
divides muscle fibers into smaller groups, its located just underneath the epimysium
Endomysium
beneath perimysium, surrounds each muscle fiber individually
Sarcolemma
the cell membrane of the muscle
actin
thin myofilament; protein involved in muscle cell movement
myosin
thick myofilament; also involved in muscle cell movement
sarcomere
the contractile unit that is comprised of actin, myosin and z-lines
Contractile proteins
generate force during contraction
Regulatory proteins
help switch contraction process on and off
Structural Proteins
keep actin and myosin in proper alignment
Tropomyosin strands
these cover myosin binding sites in a relaxed muscle
Troponin molecules
these anchor tropomyosin in place
Titin
spans from z line to m line
Rigor Mortis
a chemical change in the muscles after death, causing the limbs of the corpse to become stiff and difficult to move or manipulate
aerobic respiration
ATP generated in presence of O2. ATP are from glucose, slow, requires continuous O2
anaerobic respiration
no O2, you get 2 ATP from glucose (net). this is very inefficient but 2.5x faster than aerobic, about 30-40 seconds differnce
fast twitch fibers
these are white, have rapid contractions, but wear out very quickly
slow twitch fibers
these can contract for hours on end, have lots of blood flow and they're red in appearance.
intermediate fibers
can contract for a while "how long can you hold your arms for?"
isotonic
shortening of muscle, or overlapping.
ex: flexing bicep, lifting weights
isometric
no shortening, there is a force.
ex: yoga, holding a pose
autorhymathiciy
pacemaker initiates contraction
intercolated discs
support a synchronized contraction
upper respiratory includes...
nose, pharynx, and other parts within them
lower respiratory
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
conducting zone
-conducts, filters, and warms/moistens the air
respiratory zone
tissues within lungs where gas exchange occurs
vestibule
entryway, anterior portion just inside nostrils-has course nasal hairs and muscus
vibrissae
the hairs covered with sebum (oil)
olfactory region
allows you to smell
-at top, back of nose
-pseudostratified cilliated columnar
-capillaries warm the air by producing more mucus "sniffing" expelling the smell.
respiratory region
everything in between vestible & olfactory
-warms and moistens air
-mucus supplies air with water, it ill humidify
turbinates
3 scroll-like bones that split incoming air into 3 channels, makes more surface area.
airway resistance
the work required to move the gas into the tube structures of airway.
paranasal
around the nose, they prolong/intensity sound of voice and lighten weight of th head.
epiorbital
above the eye, same function as paranasal.
Nasopharynx
extends from end of nasal cavity, to soft pallette
-contains adnoids
-passageway to eustachian tubes
Oropharynx
just behind buccal cavity
-food goes through here
-uvula and soft palette are here
laryngopharynx
opens both into esophagous and respiratory system
-begins at hyoid bone
-important because of musociliary escalator
adnoids
and immune structure
Uvula
move "back and up" to prevent liquid and food leaving nose when swallowing
Larynx made of these 9 pieces of cartilage
thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, artenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
thyroid cartilage
your adams apple
epiglottis
elastic cartilage, closes off repiratory tract
cricoid cartilage
support network for larynx
layers of trachea wall consists of 4 parts:
mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, advendita.
tracheotomy
opperation opening the trachea
tracheostomy
skin incision, short longitudinal, inferior to cartilage?
biurcation
process when trachea divides into the mainstream bronchi
carina
where the division of the trachea happens
endotracheal tube
to help them breathe on a ventilator, only in trachea, otherwise if its too far, itll screw shit up.
inner epithelial layer
mucociliary escelator is housed here
middle layer
lamina propria - smooth muscle, vessels, lymphatic vessels and tracts for nerves
1 (brochial tree)
enter lungs (right and left stems)
2 (brochial tree)
lobar: right lung had 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes
3 (brochial tree)
segmental
Bronchioles (structure)
repeadedly branch over and over
terminal bronchiole
gas exchange occurs
inner epithelial layer (tissue layers)
mucociliary escelator is housed here
middle layer (tissue layers)
lamina propia - smooth muscle, vessels, lymphatic vessels and tracts for nerves
outer layer (tissue layers)
cartilage (hyaline)
Bronchioles (details)
-about 1 mm in diameter
-no cartilage
-the spithelial layer is pseudostratified ciliated cubodial cells
-theres no gas exchange here
Terminal Bronchioles (details)
*conducting*
-about .5mm
-no goblet cells, no cartilage
-this is the end of the conducting zone
squamous pneumocytes
flat, pancake like cells in the respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar Duct
made of squamous cels in a tubular configuration
Alveoli
terminal air sacs
-surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
-300-600 million alveoli per 80 m2 space for air
Liquid SURFACTANT
this is in the first layer of alveolar capillary membrane components. It lowers the surface tension to prevent the lung from collapsing.
RSV stands for...
Respiratory Synctia Virus
Alveolar Epithelium
in the 2nd layer of the alveolar capillary membrane components. the two types of squamous cells are alveolar, the 3rd is not, its a macrophage that surveys for infection.
Pores of Kohn
Allows movement between alveoli and between layers for macrophages to move.
Interstitial Space
space between the alveolar basement membrane and capillary (epithelial) basement membrane. This space is problematic for infection.
Pneumonia
condition where something is in the interstitial space, this decreases ability for gas exchange to occur.
right lung has how many lobes?
3 (superior, middle, inferior)
Which fissures are contained in the right lung?
the horizontal fissure and the oblique fissure
Hilum
where bronchi enters lungs
-60% of gas exchange
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2 (superior and inferior)
where is the cardiac depression located?
in the left lung
what is the fissure called in the left lung?
the oblique fissure
how are your lungs protected?
-ribcage (as a boney thorax)
-sternum
-vertebra (thoracic region)
how many PAIRS of ribs in the human ribcage?
12 pairs (24 ribs)
How does cartilage work in the lungs?
Due to their elasticity they allow movement when inhaling and exhaling.
pul,monary ventilation
breathing in and out
external respiration
exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries
internal respiration
aka tissue respiration, exchange os gases between the blood and tissues/organs
Kidneys measure amount of ....?
0xygen (O2)
Medulla Oblongata measure amount of ... ?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
CO2 to blood -->
blood loses 02
O2 to tissues -->
cells lose C02
Inspiration
this occurs by contracting and flattening the diaphragm. It happens when medulla oblongata sends a signal by phrenic nerve to contract and flatten
when you increase the area/volume of the diaphragm ....
the pressure decreases.
increasing thoracic space means ..
decreasing pressure
External Intercostal Muscles
moves ribcage "up and out" making the thoracic cavity increase in volume
Exhalation
passive act of allowing the diaphragm to return to normal, space decreases, air moves out.
Accessory Muscles (inspiration)
-neck
-sternocleidomastoid
-major and minor pectoralis
Accessory Muscles (exhalation)
-abdominals