A&p Final Study Guide

Front 1

Term meaning towards the head

Back 1

Cranial

Front 2

Term meaning towards the tail

Back 2

Caudal

Front 3

Term referring to the belly or underside of a body or body part.

Back 3

Ventral

Front 4

Term referring to the back.

Back 4

Dorsal

Front 5

Term indicating nose end of head.

Back 5

Rostal

Front 6

Term meaning away from the midline.

Back 6

Lateral

Front 7

Term meaning nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure.

Back 7

Proximal

Front 8

Term meaning farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure.

Back 8

Distal

Front 9

Term meaning near the surface; also called external.

Back 9

Superficial

Front 10

Term meaning the caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint distally).

Back 10

Palmar

Front 11

Term meaning away from the surface; also called internal.

Back 11

Deep

Front 12

Term meaning the caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally).

Back 12

Plantar

Front 13

Term meaning parallel to the midline of the body.

Back 13

Sagittal

Front 14

Term meaning movement towards the midline of the body.

Back 14

Adduction

Front 15

Term meaning movement away from the midline of the body.

Back 15

Abduction

Front 16

Term meaning the act of bending or the condition of being bent.

Back 16

Flexion

Front 17

Term meaning movement of two ends of any jointed part away from each other; movement bringing the members of a limb into or toward a straight condition.

Back 17

Extension

Front 18

Prefix meaning "abnormally fast".

Back 18

Tachy-

Front 19

Prefix meaning "abnormally slow"

Back 19

Brady-

Front 20

Combining form meaning "joint".

Back 20

Arthr/o

Front 21

Combining form meaning "cartilage".

Back 21

Chondr/o

Front 22

Combining form meaning "heart".

Back 22

Cardi/o

Front 23

Combining form meaning "artery".

Back 23

Arteri/o

Front 24

Prefix meaning "no, not, without".

Back 24

A-, An-

Front 25

Prefix meaning "difficult, bad, or painful".

Back 25

Dys-

Front 26

Combining form meaning "blood".

Back 26

Hem/o, Hemat/o

Front 27

Prefix meaning "over, above, increased, excessive, or beyond".

Back 27

Hyper-

Front 28

Prefix meaning "under, decreased, deficient, or below".

Back 28

Hypo-

Front 29

Suffix meaning "inflammation".

Back 29

-itis

Front 30

Suffix meaning "tumor, mass, or neoplasm (usually benign)".

Back 30

-oma

Front 31

Suffix meaning "deficiency or reduction in number".

Back 31

-penia

Front 32

Suffix meaning "increase in numbers".

Back 32

-philia

Front 33

Combining form meaning "lung".

Back 33

Pulm/o, Pulmon/o

Front 34

Combining form meaning "vessel".

Back 34

Vas/o

Front 35

Term meaning reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood caused by a reduced number of circulating RBC, reduced PCV, or a reduced concentration of hemoglobin.

Back 35

Anemia

Front 36

Term meaning a stable internal environment.

Back 36

Homeostasis

Front 37

A specialized form of epithelial tissue that secretes mucus.

Back 37

Mucus Membranes

Front 38

List four places you would find mucous membranes.

Back 38

GI tract, Respiratory tract, reproductive organs, eyelids

Front 39

List four basic tissue and cell types.

Back 39

Connective, epithelial, nerve, muscle

Front 40

Tissue type that adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together.

Back 40

Connective

Front 41

List five examples of connective tissue.

Back 41

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood

Front 42

Tissue type that covers internal and external body surfaces and is made of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements.

Back 42

Epithelial

Front 43

Tissue type that contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses.

Back 43

Nervous

Front 44

Tissue type that contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax.

Back 44

Muscle

Front 45

The space bounded by the abdominal walls, the diaphragm, and the pelvis is known as the?

Back 45

Abdominal Cavity

Front 46

The space bounded below by the diaphragm and above by the base of the neck is known as the?

Back 46

Thoracic Cavity

Front 47

The space bounded peripherally by the pelvic girdle, above by the superior aperture of the pelvis, and below by the pelvic diaphragm is known as the?

Back 47

Pelvic Cavity

Front 48

The membrane lining that covers the abdominal cavity and some of the organs in that area is called the what?

Back 48

Visceral Peritoneum

Front 49

The membrane lining that covers the pelvic cavity and some of the organs in that area is called the what?

Back 49

Parietal Peritoneum

Front 50

The membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs is known as the what?

Back 50

Pleura

Front 51

The thoracic cavity contains which organs?

Back 51

Heart and lungs

Front 52

List five organs contained within the abdominal cavity.

Back 52

Stomach, Kidneys, Liver, Pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, and the colon.

Front 53

What are some examples of organs contained in the pelvic cavity?

Back 53

Bladder, parts of the reproductive organs, end of colon, rectum

Front 54

Groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body.

Back 54

Gland

Front 55

Groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ.

Back 55

Exocrine Glands

Front 56

Are groups of cells that secrete their chemical substance directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body.

Back 56

Endocrine Glands

Front 57

Any of the specialized epithelial cells found in the mucous membrane of the stomach, intestines, and respiratory passages that secrete mucus.

Back 57

Goblet cells

Front 58

List four types of epithelial cells.

Back 58

Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Stratified Squamous

Front 59

What type of epithelium lines the lines the ureters?

Back 59

Transitional

Front 60

Single layered, flat, square-shaped epithelial cells are called?

Back 60

Simple Squamous

Front 61

Single layered, cube-shaped epithelial cells are called?

Back 61

Simple Cuboidal

Front 62

Single layered, column-shaped epithelial cells are called?

Back 62

Simple Columnar

Front 63

Multi-layered, flat, square-shaped epithelial cells are called?

Back 63

Stratified Squamous

Front 64

List 4 types of connective tissue?

Back 64

Loose connective, dense connective, adipose, cartilage

Front 65

Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to created a striated or striped look.

Back 65

Skeletal

Front 66

Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Spindle-shaped without stripes or striations.

Back 66

Smooth

Front 67

Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Elongated, branched cells that lie parallel to each other and have dark and light bands.

Back 67

Cardiac

Front 68

Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Attach bones to the body and make motion possible.

Back 68

Skeletal

Front 69

Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Produce slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of the internal organs.

Back 69

Smooth

Front 70

Skeletal, Smooth, or Cardiac Muscle: Function to produce involuntary contractions of heart.

Back 70

Cardiac

Front 71

Striated Voluntary, Nonstriated involuntary, or striated involuntary: Skeletal

Back 71

Striated Voluntary

Front 72

Striated Voluntary, Nonstriated involuntary, or striated involuntary:

Back 72

Nonstriated Involuntary

Front 73

Striated Voluntary, Nonstriated involuntary, or striated involuntary: Cardiac

Back 73

Striated Involuntary

Front 74

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

Back 74

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous

Front 75

Epidermis, Dermis, or Subcutaneous: Most superficial layer, is several layers thick, made up of squamous epithelium, and does not contain blood vessels.

Back 75

Epidermis

Front 76

Epidermis, Dermis, or Subcutaneous: Composed of blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, and the accessory organs of the skin.

Back 76

Dermis

Front 77

Epidermis, Dermis, or Subcutaneous: Deepest layer of the skin, composed of connective tissue and contains large amounts of fat.

Back 77

Subcutaneous

Front 78

What is another term for dermis?

Back 78

Corium

Front 79

What is another term for subcutaneous?

Back 79

hypodermis

Front 80

Which of the three layers of skin does not contain blood vessels? This layer is referred to as being avascular.

Back 80

Epidermis

Front 81

What layer are ID injections being administered to?

Back 81

Dermis

Front 82

What layer are SQ injections being administered to?

Back 82

Subcutaneous

Front 83

The protein that provides skin with its waterproofing is called what?

Back 83

Keratin

Front 84

The black pigment that gives skin and hair it's color is known as what?

Back 84

Melanin

Front 85

Gland that secretes an oily substance through ducts onto hair follicles.

Back 85

Sebaceous

Front 86

Gland that secretes water, salt, and waste via ducts that open directly onto the skin's surfaces through pores.

Back 86

Sweat

Front 87

Breeds of cattle that are naturally hornless are known as?

Back 87

Polled

Front 88

Name the 4 major components of the axial skeleton:

Back 88

Skull, mandible, vertebrae, sternum

Front 89

Name the 4 major components of the appendicular skeleton:

Back 89

Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle, Pectoral (fore) limbs, Pelvic (hind) limbs,

Front 90

The framework of bone or cartilage enclosing the brain of a vertebrate; the skeleton of the animal's head.

Back 90

Skull

Front 91

The large bony structure near the base of the spine to which the hind limbs or legs are attached.

Back 91

Pelvis

Front 92

Forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage, also called the breastbone:

Back 92

Sternum

Front 93

The cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, which is not attached to any ribs and gradually ossifies during adult life.

Back 93

Xiphoid Process

Front 94

The broad upper part of the sternum of mammals, with which the clavicles and first ribs articulate.

Back 94

Manubrium

Front 95

List the The 5 regions of vertebrae in order - cranially to caudally.

Back 95

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

Front 96

Most mammals have how many cervical vertebrae?

Back 96

Seven

Front 97

The opening in the m iddle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes is the?

Back 97

Vertebral Foramen

Front 98

A single projection form the dorsal part of the vertebral arch is what?

Back 98

Spinous Process or Spine

Front 99

The long bone of the proximal front limb is the:

Back 99

Humerous

Front 100

Foramen means?

Back 100

Opening

Front 101

Bones consisting of a shaft, two ends and a marrow cavity:

Back 101

Long bones

Front 102

Cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity:

Back 102

Short bones

Front 103

Thin, flat bones (i.e. pelvis)

Back 103

Flat bones

Front 104

Unpaired bones (i.e. vertebrae)

Back 104

Irregular bones

Front 105

The part of the skeleton, including sternum, ribs, pelvis, and vertebrae, that encloses the internal organs in the main cavities of the body.

Back 105

Visceral skeleton

Front 106

The bone of the upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and the knee.

Back 106

Femur

Front 107

A thick flat triangular movable bone that forms the anterior point of the knee, protects the front of the joint

Back 107

Patella

Front 108

Also called the hock, the joint composed of irregularly shaped bones found in the area known as the ankle in humans:

Back 108

Tarsus

Front 109

These bones form the lower forelimb:

Back 109

Radius and Ulna

Front 110

This is composed of seven short bones, the carpal bones, arranged in two rows.

Back 110

Carpus

Front 111

This is composed of five small long bones, distally to the carpus.

Back 111

Metacarpus

Front 112

These are composed of the most distal small long bones, 3 small bones in each.

Back 112

Digits or Phalanges

Front 113

These long bones from the lower hind leg:

Back 113

Tibia and Fibula

Front 114

The part of the arm or forelimb that goes from the shoulder to elbow

Back 114

Brachium

Front 115

the part of the arm or forelimb between the elbow and the carpus

Back 115

Antebrachium

Front 116

A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

Back 116

Ligament

Front 117

A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

Back 117

Tendon

Front 118

Immovable joints and the bones forming them are united by dense fibrous connective tissue.

Back 118

Fibrous joint

Front 119

The bones of the skull are connected via this type of joint:

Back 119

Fibrous joint

Front 120

These joints allow limited movement or no movement at all and are united by cartilage.

Back 120

Cartilaginous joint

Front 121

The pubis symphysis connecting the two hip bones is this type of joint:

Back 121

Cartilaginous joint

Front 122

These joints allow for a wide range of movement, the bones are separated by a space filled with fluid known as the joint cavity. Also called diarthroses.

Back 122

Synovial joint

Front 123

The hip or shoulder would be considered this type of joint:

Back 123

Synovial joint

Front 124

A muscle whose contraction bends a limb or other part of the body is known as a?

Back 124

Flexor

Front 125

A muscle whose contraction extends or straightens a limb or other part of the body.

Back 125

Extensors

Front 126

The muscles of the forelimb can be divided into __________ and ________ muscles.

Back 126

Extrinsic, Intrinsic

Front 127

This muscle draws the leg forward and protracts the limb. (Forelimb)

Back 127

Trapezius

Front 128

These muscles adduct the limb and hold the forelimb against the body wall. (Forelimb)

Back 128

Pectorals

Front 129

This muscle retracts the forelimb. (Forelimb)

Back 129

Latissimus dorsi

Front 130

This muscle flexes the neck and bends the neck laterally when the limb is on the ground. When the limb is not taking weight, it draws the foreleg forwards or protracts the limb. (Forelimb)

Back 130

Brachiocephalicus

Front 131

This muscle extends the shoulder and stabilises the shoulder joint. (Forelimb)

Back 131

Supraspinatus

Front 132

This muscle helps to stabilise the shoulder joint and flexes the shoulder joint. (Forelimb)

Back 132

Infraspinatus

Front 133

This muscle extends the elbow joint. (Forelimb)

Back 133

Triceps brachii

Front 134

These muscles flex the elbow joint. (2) (Forelimb)

Back 134

Bicep brachii, Brachialis

Front 135

These muscles form the curve of the rump and are powerful extensors of the hip joint. (Hindlimb)

Back 135

Gluteals

Front 136

These muscles provide the main propulsive force of the animal and consist of three muscles. (Hindlimb)

Back 136

Hamstring group

Front 137

This muscle originates at the pelvis and runs over the femur to the tibia, extends the hip, flexes the stifle, and extends the hock. Most lateral. (Hindlimb)

Back 137

Bicep femoris

Front 138

This muscle runs from the pelvis the tibia and extends the hip, flexes the stifle, and extends the hock. (Hindlimb)

Back 138

Semitendinosus

Front 139

Most medial muscle of the hamstring group, extends the hip and flexes the stifle. (Hindlimb)

Back 139

Semimembranosus

Front 140

This large muscle extends the stifle joint. (Hindlimb)

Back 140

Quadriceps femoris

Front 141

This muscle runs from the pubis to the distal femur. Adducts the limb.

Back 141

Pectineus

Front 142

This muscle inserts on the cranial border of the tibia with the gracilis muscle. Adducts the limb.

Back 142

Sartorius

Front 143

This muscle forms the caudal half of the medial surface of the thigh. Adducts the limb.

Back 143

Gracilis

Front 144

This muscle originates from the caudal aspect of the femur and inserts on the calcaneus of the hock. Extends the hock and flexes stifle.

Back 144

Gastrocnemius

Front 145

A ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube.

Back 145

Sphincter

Front 146

List three places you could find a sphincter

Back 146

bladder (internal and external sphincters), anus, stomach

Front 147

List four sites in dogs and cats that are used for IM injections.

Back 147

Lumbar/epaxials, Quadriceps, Semimembranosus-semitendinosus, triceps

Front 148

Where would a heartworm treatment injection be given?

Back 148

Lumbar, lateral to spine

Front 149

List the three sites on Horses and Cattle used for IM injections.

Back 149

Lateral neck, Gluteal, Semimembranosus-semitendinosus

Front 150

Which two sites should not be used on animals that will be consumed?

Back 150

Gluteal, semimembranosus-semitendinosus

Front 151

Portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 151

Central Nervous System

Front 152

Portion of the nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, and ganglia.

Back 152

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 153

Nerve cells with a protective covering that serves as a electrical insulator.

Back 153

Myelinated

Front 154

Nerves without a protective covering over the axon.

Back 154

Unmyelinated

Front 155

The protective covering over some nerve cells, including parts of the spinal, white matter of the brain, and most peripheral nerves.

Back 155

myelin

Front 156

The part of the neuron that carries electrical impulses towards the cell body.

Back 156

Dendrites

Front 157

Part of the cell that contains the nucleus.

Back 157

Cell body or soma

Front 158

The main cell of the nervous system; specialized to carry electrical impulses.

Back 158

neuron

Front 159

Part of a neuron responsible for carrying messages away from the cell body; consist of a single long process

Back 159

Axon

Front 160

The part of the peripheral nervous system that stimulates involuntary muscles such as the heart, GI tract, and glands.

Back 160

autonomic nervous system

Front 161

Nerves that are associated with the skin, muscles, joints and tendons. Impulses are carried to the skeletal muscle where they initiate a response.

Back 161

Somatic

Front 162

Another name for motor nerves is?

Back 162

Somatic

Front 163

Part of the autonomic nervous system that provides emergency and stress response "fight or flight".

Back 163

Sympathetic

Front 164

Part of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal after stressful response; maintains normal body functions.

Back 164

Parasympathetic

Front 165

Afferent or Efferent: carry messages away from the brain.

Back 165

Efferent

Front 166

Afferent or Efferent: carry messages towards the brain.

Back 166

Afferent

Front 167

The connective tissue that encases the brain and spinal cord.

Back 167

Meninges

Front 168

The longest cranial nerve in the body, connects to thoracic and abdominal organs is the?

Back 168

vagus

Front 169

The largest spinal nerve that innervates the hind limb and must be avoided when administering an IM injection is the?

Back 169

sciatic

Front 170

The fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye.

Back 170

Sclera

Front 171

The anterior portion of the sclera that is transparent.

Back 171

cornea

Front 172

The pigmented muscular diaphragm of the choroid that surrounds the pupil.

Back 172

Iris

Front 173

The circular opening in the center of the iris.

Back 173

Pupil

Front 174

The clear flexible, avascular, curved capsule located posterior to the iris and pupil.

Back 174

Lens

Front 175

The nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives images and lines the posterior chamber of the eye.

Back 175

Retina

Front 176

The region of the eye where nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve.

Back 176

Optic disk

Front 177

The caudal two-thirds of the eyeball that is filled with a soft, clear, jelly-like mass.

Back 177

Vitreous chamber

Front 178

The lid or cover of the eye, a movable fold of skin and muscle that can be closed over the eyeball or opened at will.

Back 178

Eyelid

Front 179

Seven major muscles attached to each eye that make a range of movement possible.

Back 179

Eye Muscles

Front 180

Mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid.

Back 180

conjunctiva

Front 181

Paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.

Back 181

Lacrimal Gland

Front 182

Group of disorders resulting from elevated intraocular pressure.

Back 182

Glaucoma

Front 183

Cloudiness or opacity of the lens.

Back 183

Cataract

Front 184

The tissue that separates the external ear from the middle ear.

Back 184

Tympanic membrane

Front 185

The portion of the ear that contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and is connected to the nasopharynx via the eustachian tube.

Back 185

Middle Ear

Front 186

The portion of the ear that contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance.

Back 186

Inner Ear

Front 187

Part of the inner ear concerned with balance.

Back 187

semicircular canals

Front 188

Part of the inner ear concerned with sound.

Back 188

cochlea

Front 189

Contains specialized mechanoreceptors for balance and position.

Back 189

vestibule

Front 190

Oriented at right angles to each other.

Back 190

Semicircular canals

Front 191

Snail or spiral-shaped structure of the inner ear.

Back 191

cochlea

Front 192

Inflammation of the outer ear.

Back 192

Otitis Externa

Front 193

The craniodorsal chambers of the heart.

Back 193

Atria

Front 194

The caudalventral chamber of the heart.

Back 194

Ventricle

Front 195

Valves that control the opening between the atria and the ventricles (right and left).

Back 195

Atrioventricular valves

Front 196

Another name for the right Atrioventricular valve.

Back 196

Tricuspid valve

Front 197

Another name for the left atrioventricular valve. (2)

Back 197

mitral or bicuspid valve

Front 198

Valve responsible for control of blood between the heart and lungs.

Back 198

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Front 199

Valve responsible for control of blood between the heart and the body.

Back 199

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Front 200

Arteries typically contain _________ blood.

Back 200

Oxygenated

Front 201

Veins typically contain ____________ blood.

Back 201

deoxygenated

Front 202

Veins that contains oxygenated blood.

Back 202

Pulmonary Vein

Front 203

Artery that contains deoxygenated blood.

Back 203

Pulmonary Artery

Front 204

Carries blood from the heart to the lungs.

Back 204

Pulmonary Artery

Front 205

Carries blood from the lungs to the heart.

Back 205

Pulmonary Vein

Front 206

Receives deoxygenated blood from all tissues, except lungs, via the cranial and caudal venae cavae.

Back 206

Right Atrium

Front 207

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve.

Back 207

Right Ventricle

Front 208

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.

Back 208

Left Atrium

Front 209

Receives oxygenated blood from the atrium via the mitral/bicuspid valve.

Back 209

Left Ventricle

Front 210

Oxygenated blood flows from the heart out to the body via the:

Back 210

Aorta

Front 211

Deoxygenated blood flows into the heart via the cranial and caudal:

Back 211

Venae Cavae

Front 212

Term meaning contraction, moment of higher pressure.

Back 212

Systole

Front 213

Term meaning expansion, moment of lower pressure.

Back 213

Diastole

Front 214

A thick-walled vessel that carries blood high in oxygen content away from the heart to the farthest reaches of the body.

Back 214

Artery

Front 215

A thin-walled blood vessel that carries blood that is low in oxygen content from the body back to the heart.

Back 215

Vein

Front 216

Single-cell-thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems.

Back 216

Capillaries

Front 217

Diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products happens in these vessels.

Back 217

Capillaries

Front 218

These vessels carry blood away from the heart.

Back 218

Arteries

Front 219

These vessels carry blood towards the heart.

Back 219

Veins

Front 220

An abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood.

Back 220

Heart Murmur

Front 221

An abnormal rhythm of the heart.

Back 221

Arrhythmia

Front 222

Primary vessel used for palpation of pulse?

Back 222

Femoral Artery

Front 223

List the three sites for catheterization and blood draws in cats and dogs.

Back 223

Cephalic, Jugular, Saphenous

Front 224

The most common site for a blood draw is the?

Back 224

Jugular

Front 225

Liquid portion of the blood with clotting factors present is called?

Back 225

Plasma

Front 226

Liquid portion of the blood without clotting factors present is called?

Back 226

Serum

Front 227

Another name for red blood cells is?

Back 227

Erythrocytes

Front 228

The cells in the blood that are anuclear, biconcave discs responsible for carrying oxygen are called?

Back 228

Erythrocytes

Front 229

Another name for white blood cells is?

Back 229

Leukocytes

Front 230

Cells in the blood that fight disease

Back 230

Leukocytes

Front 231

Polymorphonuclear cells; segmented nucleus. Most common Leukocyte.

Back 231

Neutrophil

Front 232

Granules contain lysosomes that destroy bacteria and viruses which have been engulfed through phagocytosis.

Back 232

Neutrophil

Front 233

Red-staining granules in the cytoplasm, segmented nucleus with usually two lobes.

Back 233

Eosinophils

Front 234

WBC that regulates inflammatory processes, controls parasite infections, and regulates allergic reactions.

Back 234

Eosinophils

Front 235

Blue-staining granules, least often seen, nucleus usually has 2-3 lobes.

Back 235

Basophil

Front 236

Contains histamine and heparin, plays a role in initiating inflammation and acute allergic reactions, heparin also acts as a localized anticoagulant.

Back 236

Basophil

Front 237

Largest WBCs, abundant cytoplasm, non-segmented pleomorphic nucleus (pacman).

Back 237

Monocyte

Front 238

Ingest foreign substances, remain at the site longer, phagocytize damaged blood cells or microorganisms in blood.

Back 238

Monocyte

Front 239

No phagocyte capabilities, most reside in lymphoid tissues, circulate between lymphoid tissue and blood

Back 239

Lymphocyte

Front 240

No cytoplasmic granules, non-segmented nucleus, large nucleus, smaller amount of cytoplasm

Back 240

Lymphocyte

Front 241

These 3 WBCs all help with infection:

Back 241

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Front 242

This WBC helps with allergic reactions and some intestinal parasites

Back 242

Eosinophils

Front 243

This WBC helps with inflammation

Back 243

Basophil

Front 244

Clotting cells in the blood are called?

Back 244

Thrombocytes or platelets

Front 245

A lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system.

Back 245

Thymus

Front 246

Each of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed.

Back 246

Lymph Nodes

Front 247

Either of two small masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat, one on each side of the root of the tongue.

Back 247

Tonsils

Front 248

Trap germs (bacteria and viruses) which you may breathe in. Proteins called antibodies produced by the immune cells help to kill germs and help to prevent throat and lung infections.

Back 248

Tonsils

Front 249

Acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in this organ, and platelets and white blood cells are stored here. It also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis.

Back 249

Spleen

Front 250

An abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system.

Back 250

Spleen

Front 251

The gaseous exchange between the air and the blood - this occurs within the lungs.

Back 251

External respiration

Front 252

The gaseous exchange between the blood and the tissues - this occurs in the tissues.

Back 252

Internal respiration

Front 253

List in order the parts of the respiratory system encountered in an inhaled breath.

Back 253

Nares -> Nasal passages -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> (Epiglottis) -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveolar Duct -> Alveoli

Front 254

The nostrils are also called what?

Back 254

Nares

Front 255

The channel for airflow through the nose. The walls are coated with respiratory mucous membranes, which contain innumerable tiny hair-like cells that move waves of mucus toward the throat.

Back 255

Nasal Passages

Front 256

The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus and the larynx.

Back 256

Pharynx

Front 257

The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; also called the voice box

Back 257

Larynx

Front 258

Covers the trachea during swallowing and prevents aspiration.

Back 258

Epiglottis

Front 259

The large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Back 259

Trachea

Front 260

Any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe.

Back 260

Bronchi

Front 261

Any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides.

Back 261

Bronchioles

Front 262

The part of the respiratory passages beyond the respiratory bronchioles, from which the alveolar sacs and alveoli arise.

Back 262

Alveolar Duct

Front 263

Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Back 263

Alveoli

Front 264

List the muscles associated with respiration.

Back 264

Diaphragm, Internal intercostals, External Intercostals, abdominal muscles

Front 265

The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and cause:

Back 265

Inspiration

Front 266

Contraction of the abdominal muscles and the internal intercostal muscles along with relaxation of the diaphragm decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and cause:

Back 266

Expiration

Front 267

A gland (as a salivary gland or part of the pancreas) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct.

Back 267

Exocrine Gland

Front 268

A gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine secretion —called also ductless gland

Back 268

Endocrine Gland

Front 269

The major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands.

Back 269

Pituitary Gland

Front 270

Excreted by the Anterior Pituitary - Causes rupture of the follicles (ovulation) and development of the corpus luteum

Back 270

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

Front 271

Excreted by the Anterior Pituitary - Stimulates development of follicles in the ovary

Back 271

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Front 272

Excreted by the Anterior Pituitary - Stimulates development of the mammary glands and secretion of milk

Back 272

Prolactin

Front 273

Excreted by the Posterior Pituitary - Stimulates the uterine contractions during parturition; milk 'let down'

Back 273

Oxytocin

Front 274

Excreted by the Posterior Pituitary - Acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney and alters permeability to water

Back 274

Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 275

List the 3 major hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary.

Back 275

Luteninizing Hormone, Follicle-stimulating Hormone, Prolactin

Front 276

List the 2 major hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary.

Back 276

Oxytocin, Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 277

An animal that feeds on plants.

Back 277

Herbivore

Front 278

An animal that feeds on other animals.

Back 278

Carnivore

Front 279

An animal that feeds on plants and other animals.

Back 279

Omnivore

Front 280

Organ that filters waste out of the body.

Back 280

Kidney

Front 281

Filters blood and produce urine.

Back 281

Nephrons

Front 282

Structures that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder.

Back 282

Ureters

Front 283

Structure that collects, stores, and eliminates urine.

Back 283

Bladder

Front 284

Passes urine from bladder through pelvic cavity to exit the body.

Back 284

Urethra

Front 285

If activated, this hormone causes the kidneys to increase the amount of water they take up, preventing water from being lost in the urine.

Back 285

Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 286

A large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism.

Back 286

Thyroid

Front 287

Excreted by the Thyroid - Decreases resorption of calcium from the bones

Back 287

Calcitonin

Front 288

Excreted by the Thyroid - Have similar effects, Affect the uptake of O2 by all cells and are essential for normal growth

Back 288

Thyroxin (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Front 289

List the 3 major hormones secreted by the Thyroid gland.

Back 289

Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronine, Calcitonin

Front 290

Which mineral is important for Thyroid function?

Back 290

Iodine

Front 291

Hyperthyroidism is more common in which animal?

Back 291

Cats

Front 292

Hypothyroidism is more common in which animal

Back 292

Dog

Front 293

Either of two small endocrine glands, one located above each kidney. The outer portion, or cortex, secretes steroid hormones (corticosteroids). The inner portion, or medulla, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Back 293

Adrenal Gland

Front 294

List the 3 major hormones excreted by the Adrenal Cortex:

Back 294

Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone, Sex Hormones

Front 295

List the 2 major hormones excreted by the Adrenal Medulla:

Back 295

Adrenaline (epinephrine), Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Front 296

Excreted by the Adrenal Cortex - Raises blood glucose levels; reduces the inflammatory response

Back 296

Glucocorticoids

Front 297

Excreted by the Adrenal Cortex - Acts on distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and regulates uptake of sodium and hydrogen ions.

Back 297

Aldosterone

Front 298

Excreted by the Adrenal Medulla - Fear, fright, flight syndrome; sympathetic.

Back 298

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Front 299

Excreted by the Adrenal Medulla - Fear, fright, flight syndrome; parasympathetic.

Back 299

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Front 300

A large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

Back 300

Pancreas

Front 301

List the 2 major hormones secreted by the Pancreas.

Back 301

Insulin, Glucagon

Front 302

Excreted by the pancreas - Increase uptake of glucose into the cells; stores excess glucose as glycogen in the liver.

Back 302

Insulin

Front 303

Excreted by the pancreas - Release of stored glycogen from the liver to be converted into glucose.

Back 303

Glucagon

Front 304

Production of stones in the urinary tract is called what?

Back 304

Urolithiasis

Front 305

Produce sperm

Back 305

Testis

Front 306

Produces semen that helps carry sperm into female reproductive tract.
-A gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.

Back 306

Prostate

Front 307

Houses the urethra and consist largely of erectile tissue.

Back 307

Penis

Front 308

Sheath of skin surrounding the penis.

Back 308

Prepuce

Front 309

Produces eggs in female.

Back 309

Ovary

Front 310

Contains developing embryos

Back 310

Uterine horns

Front 311

Wall of the uterus.

Back 311

Uterine body

Front 312

Muscular sphincter, opens for sperm & fetus.

Back 312

Cervix

Front 313

Passage leading from cervix to vulva.

Back 313

Vagina

Front 314

External Urethral orifice, marks end of vagina.

Back 314

Vulva

Front 315

During this stage of Estrous, follicles Begin developing, output of estrogen from follicle increase lining of oviduct, uterus & vagina thicken.

Back 315

Proestrus

Front 316

This stage of Estrous is the period of sexual receptivity in the female, ovulation occurs.

Back 316

Estrus

Front 317

During this stage of Estrous females still attract males, but no longer allow mating.

Back 317

Metestrus

Front 318

During this stage of Estrous the Corpus luteum is is fully formed and large amounts of progesterone are produced.

Back 318

Diestrus

Front 319

This stage of Estrous is marked by temporary ovarian inactivity.

Back 319

Anestrus

Front 320

Gestation in cats last for how many months?

Back 320

2

Front 321

Gestation in dogs last for how many months?

Back 321

2

Front 322

Gestation in horses last for how many months?

Back 322

9

Front 323

Gestation in cattle last for how many months?

Back 323

11

Front 324

The action of giving birth to young is called

Back 324

Parturition

Front 325

Parturition in cats is called?

Back 325

Queening

Front 326

Parturition in dogs is called?

Back 326

Whelping

Front 327

Parturition in horses is called?

Back 327

Foaling

Front 328

Parturition in cattle is called?

Back 328

calving

Front 329

The term for difficulty giving birth is?

Back 329

Dystocia

Front 330

The term for the surgical removal of testis is?

Back 330

Orchiectomy

Front 331

The term for the surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries is?

Back 331

Ovariohysterectomy

Front 332

Carries externally to the abdominal cavity by male mammals, secretes Testosterone and Oestrogen.

Back 332

Testis

Front 333

Female mammals have two, they lie on each side of the abdominal cavity caudal to the kidneys.

Back 333

ovaries

Front 334

List the two hormones secreted by the testes.

Back 334

Testosterone, Oestrogen

Front 335

List the two hormones secreted by the ovaries.

Back 335

Oestrogen, Progesterone

Front 336

Secreted by the testis, Responsible for male characteristics and behavior; and sperm development

Back 336

Testosterone

Front 337

Produced by the walls of the developing ovarian follicles and in Small amounts by the testes - Responsible for signs of oestrus and preparation of the reproductive tract and external genitalia for coitus.

Back 337

Oestrogen (estrogen)

Front 338

Excreted by the corpus luteum of the ovaries - Responsible for preparation of reproductive tract for pregnancy, development of mammary glands, and maintaining pregnancy

Back 338

Progesterone

Front 339

Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Cat

Back 339

Carnivore

Front 340

Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Dog

Back 340

Carnivore

Front 341

Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Cow

Back 341

Herbivore

Front 342

Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Horse

Back 342

Herbivore

Front 343

Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Goat

Back 343

Herbivore

Front 344

Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore : Pig

Back 344

Omnivore

Front 345

Animals with one true or glandular stomach are considered to be?

Back 345

Monogastric

Front 346

Type of stomach that produces secretions for digestion.

Back 346

Glandular Stomach

Front 347

Animals that have one glandular or "true" stomach AND three forestomachs are considered to be?

Back 347

Ruminants

Front 348

List the four chambers of the ruminant stomach in order of digestion.

Back 348

Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum

Front 349

Most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach; lined with a mucous membrane that contains numerous intersecting ridges.

Back 349

Reticulum

Front 350

Largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat.

Back 350

Rumen

Front 351

Third compartment of the ruminant stomach; has short blunt papillae that grind food before it enters the abomasum.

Back 351

Omasum

Front 352

Omasal contractions also do what?

Back 352

squeeze fluid out of the food bolus

Front 353

Term that means "belching".

Back 353

Eructation

Front 354

To surge or rush back, as liquids, gases,undigested food, etc.

Back 354

Regurgitation

Front 355

Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Dog

Back 355

monogastric

Front 356

Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Cat

Back 356

Monogastric

Front 357

Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Cow

Back 357

Ruminant

Front 358

Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Horse

Back 358

non-ruminant hind-gut fermenter

Front 359

Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Goat

Back 359

Ruminant

Front 360

Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Cow

Back 360

Ruminant

Front 361

Monogastric, Ruminant, or Non-ruminant hind gut fermenter : Pig

Back 361

Monogastric

Front 362

Use a well developed cecum as the primary site of food break down.

Back 362

non-ruminant hind-gut fermenter

Front 363

Dental directional term meaning towards the cheek:

Back 363

Buccal

Front 364

Dental directional term meaning towards the tongue:

Back 364

Lingual

Front 365

Dental directional term meaning towards the palate:

Back 365

Palatal

Front 366

Dental directional term meaning towards the lips:

Back 366

Labial

Front 367

Dental directional term meaning towards the midline:

Back 367

mesial

Front 368

Dental directional term meaning away from the midline:

Back 368

distal

Front 369

Carnivore, Omnivore, or Herbivore : Have pointed canines and incisors for obtaining and tearing flesh.

Back 369

Carnivore

Front 370

Carnivore, Omnivore, or Herbivore : Have flat teeth adapted to biting off plant material and grinding food into smaller pieces.

Back 370

Herbivore

Front 371

Carnivore, Omnivore, or Herbivore : Have both sharp and flat teeth adapted for eating a variety of foods.

Back 371

Omnivore

Front 372

List the parts of the GI tract in order of ingestion/digestion.

Back 372

Oral cavity -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) -> Cecum -> Large Intestine (colon, rectum) -> Anus