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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is spermatogenesis?
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production of sperm
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What is the production of sperm?
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spermatogenesis
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When does spermatogenesis start?
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puberty
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What is spermiogenesis?
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sperm maturation
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What is sperm maturation?
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spermiogenesis
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What is oogenesis?
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formation of ovum
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What is the formation of an ovum?
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oogenesis
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When does oogenesis begin?
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prior to birth and resumes at puberty
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When does menopause begin?
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when oogenesis ends
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What hormones are involved in spermatogenesis and oogenesis and spermiogenesis?
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FSH - follicle stimulating hormone and LH - lutenizing hormone
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What is the passageway for the egg?
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fallopian tubes
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What is the most common site for fertilization? ********
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fallopian tubes
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Are the fallopian tubes physically attached to the ovary?
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NO
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What happens if a fallopian tube gets infected?
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scar tissue builds up and the lumen gets even smaller resulting in an even harder route for the egg sperm to travel increasing the chance of them getting caught in the fallopian tubes
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What structures in females are homologus to the testes in males?
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ovaries
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What is the outer most layer of the ovary?
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germinal epithelium
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What is the layer right under the germinal epithelium?
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tunica albuginea
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What is the ovary covering that is composed of a dense irregular connective tissue that is whitish?
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tunica albuginea
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What is the stroma?
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region of connective tissue, major components of the ovary
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What is the region of connective tissue, major component of the ovary?
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stroma
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What are the two regions of the stroma of the ovary?
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cortex and medulla
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Where is the ovarian follicle located?
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in the cortex of the ovary
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What is the structure located in the cortex of the ovary?
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ovarian follicle
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What is the central cell of an ovarian follicle called?
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oocyte
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What are the cells that surround an oocyte?
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follicle cells
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What hormone do follicle cells produce?
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estrogen
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What is the difference between the primary follicle and the Graafian follicle?
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primary follicle doesn't have the egg, Graafian follicle has the egg inside
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After the Graafian follicle spits out the egg what does it become?
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corpus leutium
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What is the function of the corpus leutium?
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secrete estrogen and progesterone
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When the corpus leutium stops producing hormones what does it become?
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corpus albicans
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What is the corpus albicans?
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the corpus leutium when it stops producing hormones
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What are the layers of the wall of the uterus?
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perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
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What is the outermost layer of the wall of the uterus?
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perimetrium
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What is the perimetrium?
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outermost layers of the wall of the uterus
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What is the serosa of the abdominal pelvic cavity?
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perimetrium
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What is the middle layer of the wall of the uterus?
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myometrium
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What is the fluid inside of the Graafian follicle?
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follicular fluid
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What is follicular fluid?
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fluid inside of the Graafian follicle
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Where is the myometrium the thickest? thinest?
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Thickest - fundus
Thinest - cervix |
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What is the only layer of the uterus that is not vascularized?
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perimetrium
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What is the inner layer of the wall of the uterus?
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endometrium
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What is the endometrium?
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inner most layer of the wall of the uterus
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What is the layer of the endometrium that is shed during ministration?
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stratum functionalis
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What is the stratum functionalis?
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the layer of the endometrium that is shed during ministration
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What is the stratum basalis?
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permanent layer in the endometrium
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What is the permanent layer in the endometrium?
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stratum basalis
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What is the floor of the pelvic cavity?
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perineum
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What is the perineum?
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floor of the pelvic cavity
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What is an episiotomy?
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surgical cut into vagina so it will heal cleanly after child birth
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What is a surgical cut into the vagina so it will heal cleanly after child birth
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episiotomy
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What is the female organ of copulation?
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vagina
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What is the tubular canal, normally collapse, composed of mucous membrane?
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vagina
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What is the opening into the vagina?
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cervix
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What is the cervix?
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opening into the vagina
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What is the isthmus?
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constricted region between body of uterus and cervix
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What is the constricted region between body of uterus and cervix?
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isthmus
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What is the internal os?
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junction between uterine cavity and cervical canal
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What is the junction between the uterine cavity and cervical canal?
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internal os
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What is the external os?
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junction between cervical canal and vagina
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What is the junction between cervical canal and vagina?
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external os
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What hold the uterus in place?
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ligaments
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What is the mons pubis?
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pad of adipose tissue covered by skin, most anterior aspect of vulva
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What is the most anterior aspect of the vulva that is a pad of adipose tissue covered by skin?
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mons pubis
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What is the labia majora?
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two elongated skin folds covered by hair
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What are the two elongated skin fold covered by hair?
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labia majora
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What is the labia majora of the vulva homologous to?
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scrotum
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What is the labia majora?
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two elongated skin folds covered by hair
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What is the labia minora?
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two thin hair free folds of skin that are medial to the labia majora
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What are the two thin hari free folds of skin that are medial to the labia majora
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labia minora
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What is the space between labia minora?
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vestibule
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What is the vestibule?
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space between labia minora
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What is the clitoris homologous to?
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penis
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What is the hymen?
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fold of mucous membrane that covers opening to vagina
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What is the fold of mucous membrane that covers the opening to the vagina?
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hymen
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What are the female glandular structures that dump secretions into the vestibule?
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greater vestibular, lesser vestibular, paraurethral
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What is the function of the female glandular structures?
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keep side walls of the vestibule moist
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What is semen?
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milky white sticky mixture containing sperm and what 3 male glands secrete, and chemicals that activate and protects sperm
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What is the milky white, sticky misture containing sperm and what the 3 male glands secrete and chemicals that activate and protect sperm
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semen
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What happens if a male's sperm count drops below 20 million per ml?
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they are called infertile
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What part of the nervous system controls ejaculation?
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sympathetic nervous system
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Where is the ejaculation reflex found?
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spinal cord
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What is the function of the Cowper's gland?
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produce mucous that buffers acidic urine so sperm can go down urethra unharmed
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What gland produces mucous that buffers acidic urine so sperm can go down urethra unharmed?
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Cowper's gland
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What is the function of seminal vesicles?
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secrete alkaline fluid for sperm
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What gland secretes an alkaline fluid for sperm?
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seminal vesicles
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What is the function of the prostate gland?
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produce secretions that contain substances for sperm survival
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Which male gland secretes a substance that contains substances for sperm survival?
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prostate gland
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Which of the male glands is an exocrine gland?
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prostate gland
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What is hypertrophy of the prostate gland?
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prostate gland enlarges and puts pressure on the urethra
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What forms the ejaculatory duct?
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merging of seminal vesicles and ductus deferens
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What is it called when the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles merge?
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ejaculatory duct
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Where does the ejaculatory duct empty?
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urethra
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What is the terminal region of the duct system in males?
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urethra
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What is the sequence of the duct system for males?
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testes > rete testes > epidiymus > ductus deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra > out of body
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What part of the nervous system controls erection?
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parasympathetic nervous system
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What are the testes?
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male gonad
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What are the male gonads?
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testes
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What are the testes homologous to?
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ovaries
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What is the coiled tube in the testes?
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seminiferous tubule
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What is the seminiferous tubule?
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coiled up tube in the testes
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What is the functional unit of sperm production?
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seminiferous tubule
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What is the function of the sertoli cells?
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provide nourishment for sperm producing cells
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Which cells provide nourishment for sperm producing cells?
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sertoli
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What are the target cells of FSH?
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sertoli cells
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When FSH goes to sertoli cells what happens?
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FSH tells sertoli cells to make androgen binding protein
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What is the function of androgen binding protein?
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keep testosterone in the sertoli cells
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What is the function of spermatogonia cells?
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sperm production
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What are the major cells of testosterone? ********
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interstitial cells
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What is the function of interstitial cells? *****
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major cells of testosterone
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What is the function of the rete testes?
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drain sperm out of seminiferous tubule
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What drains sperm out of the seminiferous tubule?
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rete testes
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What drains sperm out of the rete testes?
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epididymus
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What is the epididymus?
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tube that drains sperm out of the rete testes, where sperm mature
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Where do sperm mature?
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epididymus
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What is ejaculation?
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peristaltic waves push sperm through rest of duct system
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What are the peristaltic waves that push sperm through the rest of the duct system?
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ejaculation
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What is the scrotum?
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pouch that contains the testes
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What is the pouch that contains the testes?
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scrotum
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What is the cremaster muscle?
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muscle that moves testes closer or farther away from body for temperature control
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What is the muscle that moves testes closer or farther away from body for temperature control
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cremaster muscle
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What is the male organ of copulation?
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penis
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What is the distal end of the penis?
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glans penis
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What is the glans penis?
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the distal end of the penis
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What is the cuff that surrounds the glans penis?
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prepuce
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What is the prepuce?
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cuff that surrounds the glans penis
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What is the middle column of erectile tissue in the penis?
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corpus spongiosum
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What is the erectile tissue that is the passageway for the urethra?
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corpus spongiosum
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What is the corpus spongiosum?
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middle column of erectile tissue in the penis
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What are the lateral columns of the erectile tissue in the penis?
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corpora cavernosa
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What is the corpora spongiosum?
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the lateral columns of the erectile tissue in the penis
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What is made up of a spongy network of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and blood vessels?
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corpora spongiosum (lateral columns in penis)
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The presence of PTH does what to Ca+2?
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causes reabsorption in the DCT and CD
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What hormone causes reabsorption of Ca+2?
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PTH
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What hormone causes secretion of phosphate into urine?
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PTH
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What does PTH do considering phosphate at the DCT and CD?
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secretion of phosphate into urine
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When is PTH secreted?
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When [Ca+2] goes down
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What is secreted when [Ca+2] goes down?
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PTH
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What ion is needed for the secretion of PTH?
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Mg+2
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What happens in hypoparathyroidism?
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tetnus drop in [Ca+2] and increase in [PO4-3], characterized by neuromuscular systems
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What disorder is it when tetnus develops, there is a drop in [Ca+2] and an increase in [PO4-3] and is characterized by neuromuscular systems?
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hypoparathyroidism
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What is hyperparathyroidism?
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increase in [Ca+2] and a decrease in [PO4-3], bones become easily broken and kidney stones develop
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What disorder is characterized by high [Ca+2] and low [PO4-3], easily broken bones and kidney stones?
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hyperparathyroidism
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What usually causes hyperparathyroidism?
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tumor
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What is a goiter?
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enlarged thyroid gland
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What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?
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goiter
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What is a simple goiter?
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enlarged thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine
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What is an enlarged thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine?
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simple goiter
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What is hyperthyroidism?
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an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies that mimic TSH and produce a lot of thyroid hormone
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What are the characteristics of hyperthyroidism?
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elevated metabolic rate (weight loss), perspire a lot, nervousness, protrusion of eyes, goiter
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What is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies that mimic TSH and produce a lot of thyroid hormone?
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hyperthyroidism
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The following are characteristics of what disorder? elevated metabolic rate (weight loss), excessive perspiration, nervousness, protrusion of eyes, goiter
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hyperthyroidism
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What are the characteristics of hypothyroidism at birth?
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stunted growth, limbs disproportionate to trunk, mental retardation
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What is myxedema?
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hypothyroidism in adults
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What is hypothyroidism in adults?
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myxedema
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What are the characteristics of hypothyroidism?
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weight gain, edema, thick and dry skin, puffy eyes
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What is the largest pure endocrine gland?
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thryoid
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What are the functional units of the thyroid gland?
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thyroid follicles
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What are the thyroid follicles?
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functional units of thyroid gland
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What are the parafollicular cells?
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cells in the thyroid gland that make calcitonin
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What are the thyroid cells that make calcitonin?
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parafollicular cells
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What does calcitonin do?
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deposits Ca+2 in bone
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What hormone deposits Ca+2 in bone?
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calcitonin
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What are follicular cells?
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thyroid cells that make thyroxine and triiodothyronine
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What are the cells that make thyroxine and triiodothyronine?
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follicular cells
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What is the function of the thyroid hormones?
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stimulate enzymes for cellular respiration, increase metabolic rate, nervous system activity, works with GH in children,
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What controls the secretion of the thyroid hormones?
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released from the hypothalamus by thyrotropin RF that go to the ant. pit. which release TSH
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High concentrations of what mineral inhibits the secretion of thyroid hormones?
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Iodine
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Hormones are synthesized in what two steps?
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protein first then add iodine
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The negative feedback loop for thyroid hormones is based on what?
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rate of metabolism and levels of circulating TSH
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Where are the receptors for thyroid hormones not found?
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adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland
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High concentrations of iodine inhibits the secretion of what hormone(s)?
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thyroid hormones
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What is another name for the adrenal gland?
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suprarenal gland
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What is another name for the suprarenal gland?
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adrenal gland
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What are the hormones of the adrenal medulla?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
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sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine
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Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine which stimulates secretion of what hormones?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Which hormones are derived from cholesterol?
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steroid
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Steroid hormones are derived from what?
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cholesterol
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What are the three groups of hormones from the adrenal cortex?
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androgens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids
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What is the main hormone of mineralcorticoids?
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aldosterone
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What is the main hormone from the androgens?
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testosterone
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Aldosterone is the main hormone for what group?
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mineralcorticoids
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Testosterone is the main hormone for what group?
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androgens
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What are the four mechanisms that controls the secretion of aldosterone?
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1. rennin - angiotensin pathway
2. ECF [K+] 3. ACTH 4. ANP and BNP (inhibit) |
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What is the main hormone of the glucocorticoids?
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cortisol
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Cortisol is the main hormone for what group?
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glucocorticoids
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What group of hormones are described as anti-inflammatory hormones?
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glucocorticoids
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What group of hormones inhibit protein synthesis and retard tissue repair? ******
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glucocorticoids
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What triggers the release of glucocorticoids?
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ACTH in response to low blood levels of glucocorticoids and stress
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What is hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones called?
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Addison's disease
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What happens in the hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones?
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decrease of [Na+] and increase of [K+]
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What is another name for the hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones?
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Cushing's
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What happens in hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones?
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ant. pit. produces too much ACTH which results in an increased level of blood glucose (diabetes militeus)
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What disease is caused by too much blood glucose?
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diabetes militeus
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What happens in diabetes militeus?
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too much blood glucose
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