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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which channel is the first to be dysfunctional? |
Na+ channels |
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What happens if Ca++ channels also get knocked out? |
Pt will have vfib |
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What drug manipulates phase 0? |
Caine drugs because it effects Na+ channels Less Na+ channels are recruited, less magnitude of depolarization |
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If you were to have a higher Vrm, what happens? |
less energy to set off AP, slope of phase 0 is decreased because less Na++ channels are recruited. |
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What does the kidney help to regulate? |
Long term BP Long term pH Long term RBC Long term Electrolyte Long term Vitamin D Long term serum Glucose Long term metabolic waste removal Drug clearance |
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LT BP regulator |
Baroreceptors will change to new settings after a few days. |
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LT pH regulator |
Gets rid of protons produces/saves bicarb -if we don't hang onto it, then we will have an acid base problem. |
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LT RBC regulator |
kidney looks at the oxygen concentration at the inner portions. Drop in partial pressure of oxygen, produces EPO, which eventually results in the production of blood. |
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LT electrolyte regulator |
hangs on to what we need and lose what we don't need. The rule is to get rid of excess salts, water will follow salts. |
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LT Vitamin D regulator |
Activation of Vitamin D happens in the Kidney. Ideal Vitmain D intake helps to retain Ca++ |
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LT serum Glucose regulator |
Really wants to hang onto glucose, but if there is an excessive amount of glucose then you will have glucose spillage into the urine because the kidneys can only reabsorb glucose to a point. |
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Drug clearance |
HUGE player in getting rid of drugs, but can also help to hang onto drugs. |
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Waste disposal |
Takes care of urea, protons, and nitrogen. Also tries to get rid of general biproducts of metabolism |
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Name structures |
A: Glomerular capillary B: Bowman's capsule C: Peritubular Capilary D: Afferent Capillary E: Efferent Capillary |
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Filtration |
Skimming a portion of the blood off of the glomerular capillary. The amount of stuff that makes its way out of the capillaries. |
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What is filtered? |
Water Ions Glucose Inulin (renal diagnostic)-looks at glomerular filtration rate. |
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How much water is filtered? |
125 ml/min or approximately 180 L/day Both kidneys put together. |
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What does the glomerular capillaries need to filter out so much stuff? |
A lot of surface area. |
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What is the innermost layer of the glomerular capillary? What does it have to help with filtration and what is it called? |
The endothelium It has opening that are called fenestrations. This allows for HUGE amounts of fluids to be filtered. |
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Name the layers |
A: Epithelium B: Basement Membrane C: Endothelium |
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What is the basement membrane made out of? |
It is made out of connective tissue. |
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What is the epithelium? |
The outer most layer. Has structures called podocytes that provide support and stability. |
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What controls the inlet in the glomerular capillaries? |
Afferent arteriole |
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What controls the outlet in glomerular capillaries? |
Efferent arterioles |
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What is the purpose of a capillary? |
To allow for things to move back and forth, like water ions and salts. |
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What are the spaces between the podocytes called? |
Slit pores |
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What characteristic would make it hard for an item to pass through the capillary bed? |
The size. The larger it is, the less likely it is to pass through the capillary. |
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Inulin |
Used in renal diagnostic(very accurate), easily filtered, not made in the body. Anything larger is hard to filter. |
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What is hard to be filtered? |
Myoglobin Albumin |
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What type of charged molecules are easier to filter? |
Positive or cations are easier to filter, than anions or negatively charged molecules. |
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A neutral dextran would have a filterability of what? |
0.5 |
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What keeps anions from passing through the slit pores? |
All the layer of the capillaries tend to have negative charges, so it makes it harder for these to allow the negatively charged ions from passing through. and, since most proteins are usually negatively charged, it also makes them a lot less likely for the proteins to pass through. It's also good because we want to hang onto our proteins. |
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Why don't we want to filter our proteins? |
They are big and messy and really hard to reabsorb. |
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What percent of stuff do we reabsorb that has been filtered? |
98% But, some waster products never get reabsorbed. |
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What is the difference between the two pictures? |
Left side has complete reabsorption Right side has partial reabsorption |
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What is reabsorbtion? |
What is taken back up into the bloodstream. |
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How much urea is in urine and how much is reabsorbed? |
half of the urea ends up in the urine half of the urea gets reabsorbed |
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Name this process |
This is secretion, where we try to pump everything back into the tubule. This is great for toxins and to filter out drugs. It is an active process. |
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Peritubular capillaries |
2nd set of capillaries Where a lot of fluid gets reabsorbed and secrete what we don't want. |
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What is excretion? |
It is whatever is left in the tubule to get rid of in the urine. |
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What is the overall excretion formula? |
Excreted = Filtered - Reabsorbed + Secreted |
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How does "stuff" pass through from the tubule to the capillaries when getting reabsorbed? |
Tubule > Cell > Interstitium > Peritubular capillaries |
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What's the space between the cell and the peritubular capillaries called? |
Renal interstium connective tissue and stuff. |
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Where is secretion not an active process? |
Between the peritubular capillaries and the interstitium. |
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Where is secretion more of an active process? |
At the cell wall to get into the tubule, there will be pumps here. |
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What holds all the transporters to and from the tubule? |
Cells that line the outside of the tubule. (tubular cells) |
