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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A specialized cell or cell process that when stimulated sends a sensation to the CNS is a _______________________.
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Sensory receptors
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The process where a sensory receptor detects an arriving stimulus and translates it into an action potential is ____________.
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Transduction
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Pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and propriception are _____________ senses.
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general senses
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Receptors for theses are distributed _____________________ .
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the body
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Olfaction, gestation, vision, equilibrium, and hearing are _______________ senses.
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special senses
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Receptors for these are located ___________
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special sense organs
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Olfaction is _____
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smell
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Gustation is ___
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taste
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What allows each receptor to respond to specific stimuli?
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receptor cells
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What 2 things does receptor specificity result from?
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presence of accessory cells or structures that shield the receptor
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What are the simplest receptors?
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dendrites of sensory neurons
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The area monitored by a single receptor cell is the _____
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receptive field
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A change in transmembrane potential that accompanies receptor stimulation is ______________
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receptor potential
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Membrane depolarization that leads to an action potential in a sensory neuron is _________
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generator potential
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Sensor information that arrives at the CNS is routed according to the __________________
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location and nature of the stimulus
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The neural link between receptor and cortical neuron is the _____________
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labeled line
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The labeled line consists of axon carrying information about one ________________ - type of stimulus
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modality
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The translation of complex sensory information into meaningful patterns of action potentials is known as ______
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sensory coding
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___________ receptors are always active, sending signals to the CNS.
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Tonic receptors
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__________ receptors become active only when the conditions they monitor change.
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phasic
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A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is _____________.
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adaptation
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When the receptors or sensory neurons alter their levels of activity, this is _______________
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peripheral adaptation
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Adaptation that occurs in the CNS along the sensory pathway is know as ___________
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central adaptation
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____________ provide information about the external environment.
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Sensory receptor
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__________________ respond to a variety of stimuli, generally ones associated with tissue damage. They are free nerve endings with large receptive fields.
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Nociceptors (pain receptors)
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___________ respond to changes in temperature.
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Thermoreceptors
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_________ respond to physical distortion, contact, or pressure on their cell membranes.
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Mechanoreceptors
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__________ respond to touch, pressure, and vibration.
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Tactile receptors
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__________ monitor changes in blood pressure in the walls of major arteries and veins.
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Baroreceptors
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________________ monitor the position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction.
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Proprioceptors
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____________ detect small changes in the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds.
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Chemoreceptors
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Conscious awareness of a sensation is _________
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Perception
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The sensory neuron that delivers the sensations to the CNS is the ____________________
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First-order neuron
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Interneurons that synapse with the first-order neuron are the _______________
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Second-order neuron
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______________ synapses with the second-order neuron.
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Third-order neuron
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The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from the _____________ of the body.
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left
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posterior column pathway
anterolateral pathway spinocerebellar pathway |
3 major somatic sensory pathways
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The _____________ pathway carries fine touch, pressure, and proprioceptive sensations.
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Posterior Column Pathway
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The _______________ pathway carries poorly localized sensation of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
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Anterolateral Pathway
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The _________________ pathway carries sensation to the cerebellum concerning the position of muscles, tendons, and joints.
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Spinocerebellar Pathway
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The _____________________ controls the contractions of the skeletal muscles and it is under voluntary control.
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Somatic nervous system (Somatic motor system)
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The _______________________ controls the visceral effectors.
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Autonomic nervous system (Visceral motor system)
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A neurons whose soma lies in a CNS processing center is an _______________________.
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upper motor neuron
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A neuron whose soma is located in a motor nucleus of the brain stem or spinal cord.
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lower motor neuron
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What provides voluntary skeletal muscle control?
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Pyramidal System
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What are the neurons of the primary motor cortex?
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pyramidal cells
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What provides conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face, and some of the muscles of the neck and pharynx?
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corticobulbar tracts
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___________synapse on motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
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corticospinal tracts
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What is a variety of disorders that affect voluntary motor performance?
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Cerebral palsy
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_________________ consists of several centers in the cerebrum, diencephalons and brain stem that may issue motor commands as a result of processing performed at a subconscious level.
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Extrapyramidal system (EPS)
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The most important and complex components of the extrapyramidal system is the ___________
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cerebral nuclei
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What monitors propriceptive sensations, visual information and vestibular sensations as movements are underway?
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cerebellum
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What are the 4 types of brain waves?
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alpha, beta, delta, theta
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Which waves are present in healthy adults, awake adults who are resting with their eyes closed?
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Alpha waves
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Which waves are present in individuals who are concentrating, under stress, or in psychological tension?
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Beta waves
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Which waves are seen in children and intensely frustrated adults?
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Theta waves
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Which waves are normally seen during sleep?
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Delta waves
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Specific bits of information are_____________
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Fact memories
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Learned motor behaviors are ____________
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Skill memories
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Memories that are short-lived, but while they persist, the information can be recalled immediately are _________________
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Short-term or primary memories
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Memories which fade with time and may be difficult to recall are _____________________
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secondary memories
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Memories which seem to be part of consciousness are ______________________.
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tertiary memories
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Conversion from short term to long term memory is ____________
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memory consolidation
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What is essential to memory consolidation?
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amygdaloid body and the hippocampus
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Where are most long term memories stored?
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cerebral cortex
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When you are unconscious, but can still be awakened by normal sensory stimuli you are _______
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asleep
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In which type of sleep do dreams occur?
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rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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What is the progressive disorder characterized by the loss of higher cerebral functions?
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Alzheimer’s disease
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What are the two divisions of the ANS?
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Which one generally causes excitation and prepares the body for heightened levels of somatic activity?
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sympathetic division
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Which one generally causes inhibition and stimulates visceral activity?
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parasympathetic division
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Which one is known as fight or flight?
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sympathetic division
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heightened mental alertness
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sympathetic division
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increased metabolic rate
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sympathetic division
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reduced digestive and urinary function
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sympathetic division
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activation of energy reserves
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sympathetic division
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increased respiratory rate and dilation of respiratory passageways
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sympathetic division
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increased heart rate and blood pressure
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sympathetic division
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activation of sweat glands
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sympathetic division
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decreased metabolic rate
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parasympathetic division
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decreased heart rate and blood pressure
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parasympathetic division
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increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands
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parasympathetic division
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increased motility and blood flow in the digestive tract
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parasympathetic division
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stimulation of urination and defecation
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parasympathetic division
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How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic division affect target organs?
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by releasing neurotransmitters by postganglionic fibers
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All preganglionic autonomic fibers (both sympathetic and parasympathetic) release ___________________ and it has an ____________ effect.
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acetycholine (ACh) and it has an excitatory effect
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Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ___________, effects may be _____________.
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ACh, effects may be excitatory or inhibitory
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Most postganglionic sympathetic terminals release __________________ and generally the effect is _________
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norepinephrine (NE) and generally the effect is excitatory
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What controls effectors in the body wall and inside the thoracic cavity?
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sympathetic chain
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What innervates tissues and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?
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collateral ganglia
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When the entire division responds to a crisis, this is known as ______________
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Sympathetic activation
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preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord
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parasympathetic division
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ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia located within or next to target organs
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parasympathetic division
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Sympathetic division has widespread influence on ________.
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Sympathetic division
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Parasympathetic division innervates only ____________ structures serviced by cranial nerves or lying within the abdominopelvic cavity.
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visceral
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most organs receive input from both divisions
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What is dual innervation?
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resting level of activation of autonomic motor neurons
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autonomic tone
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