A&p Exercise 41- Lab Exam 4

Front 1

urinalysis

Back 1

an array of tests performed on urine and a very common method of medical diagnosis

Front 2

optimal amount of time for a urinalysis

Back 2

30 minutes or on refrigerated urine

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Urochrome

Back 3

a pigment metabolite arising from the body's destruction of hemoglobin

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Normal color of urine

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pale yellow to amber, abnormal color may be due to certain foods, various drugs, bile or blood.

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Normal odor of urine

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slightly aromatic, but bacterial action gives it an ammonia like odor when left standing. some drugs and diseases may change the way it smells

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Normal pH

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4.5 - 8 average is 6 which is slightly acidic

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acid ash foods

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foods that increase the acidity of urine. Foods high in protein and whole wheat products.

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alkaline ash foods

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foods that increase the alkalinity of the urine. Vegetarian foods. A bacterial infection may also result in urine with a high pH

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specific gravity

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the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water

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pyelonephritis

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kidney inflammation

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conditions that produce high specific gravity in urine

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limited fluid intake, fever, and kidney inflammation

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renal calculi

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when urine becomes excessively concentrated, some of the substances will begin to crystallize and form this

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glycosuria

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the presence of glucose in the urine, indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels. may be caused by carbohydrate intake so excessive that normal physiological and hormonal mechanisms cannot clear it from the blood. occurs in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

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normal blood sugar levels

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80 - 100mg/ 100ml of blood

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albuminuria

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presence of albumin in the urine. usually too big to fit through the glomerular infiltration membrane

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physical albuminuria

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excessive exertion, pregnancy, or over abundant protein intake, can temporarily increase the membrane permeability, leading to higher levels of albumin in the urine

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pathological conditions which cause albuminuria

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events that damage the glomerular membrane, like kidney traumas due to blows, the ingestion of poisons or heavy metals, bacterial toxins, glomerular nephritis, and hypertension

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ketonuria

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the presence of these intermediate products of fat metabolism in excessive amounts, usually indicates that abnormal metabolic processes are occurring

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acidosis

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increased acidity in the blood

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pathological conditions which cause ketonuria

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starvation, diets low in carbohydrates, when inadequate food intake forces the body to use its fat stores

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hematuria

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appearance of red blood cells in the urine. almost always indicates a pathology of the urinary tract

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pathological conditions which cause hematuria

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irritation of the urinary tract organs by calculi infections, infections, tumors, or physical harm.

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hemoglobinuria

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presence of hemoglobin in the urine, is the result of the fragmentation of the red blood cells

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Bilirubinuria

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the appearance of bilirubin (bile pigments) in urine, abnormal finding and usually indicates liver pathology. this condition is signaled by a yellow foam that forms when the urine sample is shaken

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Diseases that cause Bilirubnuria

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hepatitis, cirrhosis, or bile duct blockage.

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Urobilinogen

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this is produced in the intestines from bilirubin and gives feces a brown color. some of this is reabsorbed into the blood and either excreted back into the intestine by the liver or ecreted by the kidneys into urine. absence of this may indicate renal disease or obstruction of bile flow. increases levels of this may mean hepatitis A, cirrhosis or biliary disease

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pyuria

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this is the presence of white blood cells or other pus constituents in the urine. indicates inflammation of the urinary tract

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casts

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these are hardened cell fragments, usually cylindrical, which are formed in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts and then flushed out of the urinary tract.