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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The hypothalamus uses the sympathetic nervous system to directly stimulate the adrenal gland to promote the secretion of...
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Epinephrine
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Hormones involved in mineral and glucose homeostasis are controlled via...
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Complex chemical reactions
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Hormones may be secreted by endocrine glands that are not controlled at a higher level. This is called...
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Local control
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When ACH opens sodium ion channels, it is
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excitatory
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What does the ANS regulate?
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The activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands
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When ACH opens chlorine ion channels, it is...
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inhibitory
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What is the external auditory canal?
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A tube leading into the skull.
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What does the ANS consist of?
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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Which neurons are adenergic?
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Sympathetic postganglionic
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What must happen before a taste can be detected?
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The food must be dissolved in saliva or some other liquid.
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What type of glands are located in the external auditory canal?
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Ceruminous glands (produce cerumen)
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Where is smooth muscle found?
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In the walls of internal organs and walls of blood vessels
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What 2 neurotransmitters do adenergic neurons release?
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.
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What are the 4 main flavors?
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Salt, sweet, bitter, sour
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What is the function of the tympanic membrane?
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it vibrates when sound hits it.
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What is the ANS regulated by?
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The hypothalamus and the medula.
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When are epinephrine and norepinephrine inhibitory?
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When they shut down the digestive and urinary systems during stress.
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Where are sour taste buds located?
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On the sides of the tongue.
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What is dual innervation?
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Receiving info from sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
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Name 2 things about the sympathetic division.
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It uses energy
It speeds up body systems |
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Where are sweet taste buds located?
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On the tip of the tongue
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What are the 3 parts to the middle ear?
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Eustachian tube - connects middle ear to pharynx
Ear Ossicles (stapes, incus, malleus)- conduct sound waves from the tympanic membrane to inner ear. |
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Motor pathways consist of...
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sets of 2 neurons in a series
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Name 2 things about the parasympathetic division.
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It restores energy
It slows down body systems. |
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Where are salt taste buds located?
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On the tip and sides of the tongue
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What are the 6 parts to the inner ear?
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cochlea
oval window round window semicircular canals vestibule vestibulocochlear nerve |
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what is the preganglionic neuron?
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The first neuron in a series.
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Where are bitter taste buds located?
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On the back of the tongue
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What is the function of the cochlea?
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contains receptors for hearing
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What is the second neuron in a series?
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Postganglionic neuron
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4 Major differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
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Para - long to short, cell bodies in brain stem, slows down body functions, restores energy.
Symp - short to long, cell bodies in chain ganglia, speeds up body functions, uses energy. |
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The sympathetic preganglionic is very
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short.
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Name the five special senses
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Taste, smell, touch, sight, hearing
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What is the function of the oval window?
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It is the entrance to the cochlea
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What is the sympathetic chain ganglia?
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Where the cell bodies of the second neuron are found. They lie in vertical rows on either side of the spinal cord.
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What type of neurons are in the special senses?
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Bipolar
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What type of receptors detect hot?
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Pain receptors
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Where are the parasympathetic cell bodies located?
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In the brain stem.
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What nerve is associated with smell?
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Olfactory nerve
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What flavor requires the least amount of molecules?
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Bitter
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What is the function of the round window?
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It is the exit from the cochlea
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Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are very...
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long
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Where are the special bipolar neurons for smell located?
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In the epithelial cells in the lining of the nose.
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Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse?
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In the walls of organs.
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What happens to odor molecules when they enter the nose?
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The molecules are dissolved in the mucous and absorbed into the epithelial cells via hairlike extensions and then they make contact with the special bipolar neurons.
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Sympathetic neurons are ...
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short to long
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How many smells can humans detect?
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Thousands
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Where do taste sensations go?
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To the medulla and then to other areas of the brain.
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What is the function of the semicircular canals?
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They contain receptors for dynamic equilibrium and detect the direction and speed of head motion.
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Parasympathetic neurons are ...
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long to short.
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Sensitivity to odors _________ with exposure.
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decreases
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Taste buds on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are carried by what cranial nerve?
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The facial nerve
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What is the terminal ganglia?
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The collection of cell bodies at the organ.
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How many molecules are needed to stimulate neurons?
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A small number
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Taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue are carried by what cranial nerve?
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The glosspharyngeal nerve.
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The ANS neurotransmitters are what type of neuron?
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Multipolar
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Where do the smell impulses go after being recepted?
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They are transmitted via the olfactory nerve to a special area in the temporal lobe called Broddmans area where they are integrated and distinguished.
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Taste buds on the throat are carried by what cranial nerve?
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The vagus nerve
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Based on the type of neurotransmitter they release, neurons are classified as either ...
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Cholinergic or Adinergic
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Taste is also called
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Gustatory Sensation
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What neurotransmitter do cholinergic neurons release?
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ACH
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What other sense is needed in order to taste?
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Smell
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What types of neurons are cholinergic?
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All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganlionic and all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
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Where are the taste receptors located?
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In the taste buds.
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What are the 3 parts to the external ear?
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The pinna, the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane.
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What are 2 functions of the vestibule?
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It connects the cochlea and semicircular canals.
It contains the uticle and saccule - receptors for static equilibrium. |
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ACH can be either...
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excitatory or inhibitory
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Where are taste buds located?
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In the tongue, soft palate and throat.
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What is the function of the pinna?
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To funnel sound into the Ext. Aud. Canal.
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What is the name of the nerve in the ear?
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Vestibulocochlear.
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Name the 5 external eye structures.
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Eyelashes- protect
Eyelids- prevent injury, redist. tears Lacrimal glands-produce tears,moisturize Eyebrows-decorative Bony orbit-consists of lacrimal, frontal, zygomatic, ethnoid, sphenoid |
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What do the lacrimal glands do?
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Product tears, wash out debris, prevent desiciation.
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What are the 4 parts of the eyeball?
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Retina-innermost layer
Choroid-behind retina, highly vascular, provices nutrients, has pigments Sclera-white fibrous outer layer Cornea-transparent, puncture resistant |
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What is the choroid?
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Has pigments which absorb light rays that have already been seen by the eye receptors
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What is the iris?
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Colored part of the eye. Regulates the size of the pupil, very muscular.
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Circular eye muscles.
Radial eye muscles. |
Contract and constrict hole.
Contract and open hole. |
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What is the ciliary body.
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Muscle surrounding lens, has fibers attached to lens. Pulls lens in different shapes. Allows focusing.
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What are the 3 innermost parts of the eye?
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Retina - contains photo receptors
Rods - crude images Cones - Detailed images |
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What is the macula lutea?
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Where best visual acuity is.
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What is the optic disk?
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The blind spot. No sight here.
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What is the optic nerve?
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Transmits incoming sensory information to the brain.
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Where is the visual center?
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In the occipital lobe.
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What do optic fluids do for the eye?
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Give the eyeball shape.
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Where is the aqueous humor located?
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Between the lens and cornea.
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Where is the vitreous humor located?
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In the posterior cavity, behind the lens, in the vitreous body.
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What disease is caused by an increase in fluid in the eye?
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Glaucoma.
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What is vision?
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Refraction bending of light rays as they pass through the eye.
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The endocrine and nervous system together control...
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Homeostasis
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What does the nervous system use to transmit impulses?
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Neurons
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What does the endocrine system use to send messages?
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Chemical messengers called hormones.
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Hormones only affect (bind) to specific cells called...
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Target cells.
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There are 3 ways that hormones act. What are they called?
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Endocrines - enter the blood.
Paracrines - hormones that act locally Autocrines - hormones act on the cell that secreted it. |
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What are the 4 types of hormones?
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Steroids - lipids
Biogenic Amines - Smallest, simplest, Tyrozine (amino acid) Proteins - Amino acids in a string Eicosanoids - Fatty acids |
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Hormones that enter the blood are picked up by special proteins called...
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Chaperone Proteins
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What are 3 things that chaperone proteins do?
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Keep ready reserve of hormones
Make lipid hormones soluble Prevent small hormones from being filtered by the kidneys. |
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What organ is the major integrating link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
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Hypothalamus
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What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
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Infundibulum
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The pituitary is separted into parts which are the ...
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Anterior and posterior
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What hormones does the hypothalamus make?
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ADH and Oxytocin
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How does the hypothalamus control the release of oxytocin and ADH.
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Through special neurons.
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The hormones travel to the pituitary gland through the ...
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Portal vein
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2 Hormones of the Hypothalamus
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Oxytocin
ADH |
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What are the Anterior Pituitary Hormones?
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TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin
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How is the secretion of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones controlled?
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By the hypothalamus releasing and inhibiting factors.
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How are the hormones of the hypothalamus controlled?
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By nerve stimulation
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What disease is caused by an imbalance in ADH?
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Diabetes Insipidus
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What disease is caused by not enough growth hormone?
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Pituitary Dwarfism
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What disease is caused by too much growth hormone?
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Pituitary Giantism
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What hormone stimulates milk production?
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Prolactin
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What hormone stimulates the growth of cells, protein synthesis, breakdown of lipids and retards the use of glucose for ATP synthesis?
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Growth hormone
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What hormone stimulates the production of progesterone and testosterone?
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Leutinizing Hormone
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What hormone stimulates the secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, which control maturation of egg and sperm?
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FSH
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What hormone stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal glands?
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ACTH
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What hormone stimulates T3 and T4 secretion from the thyroid gland?
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TSH
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What are the hormones of the Thyroid gland?
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T4 and T3 and Calcitonin
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What hormone decreases blood calcium?
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Calcitonin
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What hormone increases blood calcium?
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Parathyroid hormone
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What hormones are secreted from the adrenal glands
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Epinephrine, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids
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What hormones are secreted from the pancreas?
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Glucagon and Insulin
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What are the reproductive hormones?
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Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone
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Describe the Renin-Angiotensin Pathway
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Low blood volume detected by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys. J. cells secrete rennin into blood. Rennin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. In lungs, ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
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