A&p Exam 1 Topics

Front 1

Isotopes

Back 1

Two or more forms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.

Front 2

Histology

Back 2

The study of tissues

Front 3

Structural and functional organizations of all living things? starting from smallest or most basic to largest or most advanced

Back 3

• Atoms
• Molecules
• Cells
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism

Front 4

Integumentary System

Back 4

Consists of skin, nails, hair, glands, and sense organs. Responsible for protecting the body from external factors, excrete waste products,

vitamin D production,

body temperature regulation.

Front 5

Endocrine System

Back 5

Consists of cells, tissues, glands, organs, and hormones. Responsible for production, storage, and secretion of hormones via the circulatory system to regulate bodily function.

Long term regulation of homeostasis

Front 6

Lymphatic System

Back 6

Consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, cells, and organs. Responsible for the return of lymphatic fluids back to circulation, plays a role in development of immune cells (lymphocytes), and cleanses the body of pathogens, as well as the absorption of lipids.

Front 7

Electrolytes

Back 7

Solutions made by the dissociation of cations (+) and anions (-) in water.

Front 8

Nonelectrolytes

Back 8

Solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water, but do not dissociate; do not conduct electricity

Front 9

Redox reactions

Back 9

Refers to reaction in which one substance loses an electron and another gains an electron

Front 10

Oxidation

Back 10

Loss of an electron by a substance

Front 11

Reduction

Back 11

gain of an electron by a substance

Front 12

Negative Feedback

Back 12

A mechanism of the body that is meant to maintain homeostasis. Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

Front 13

Positive Feedback

Back 13

Mechanism that occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point to becoming even greater.

This response is more dangerous than the counterpart.

Front 14

Feedback system receptor?

Back 14

Monitors the value of a variable

Front 15

Feedback system Control Center?

Back 15

Receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the set point, and controls the effector

Front 16

Effector

Back 16

Produces responses that change the value of the variable

Front 17

Stimulus

Back 17

A changed variable within the body, that initiates a homeostatic mechanism

Front 18

Major organs in the Right Upper Quadrant?

Back 18

• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Right kidney

Front 19

Major organs in the Left Upper Quadrant?

Back 19

• Stomach
• Spleen
• Left kidney
• Pancreas

Front 20

Major organs in the Right Lower Quadrant?

Back 20

• Appendix
• Cecum
• Ascending Colon
• Right ureter

Front 21

Major Organs in the Left Lower Quadrant?

Back 21

• Sigmoid Colon
• Descending colon
• Left ureter

Front 22

Atomic Number

Back 22

A number that is equal to the number of protons in each atom, which is equal to the number of electrons.

Front 23

Monosaccharides

Back 23

Type of carbohydrate which consists of simple sugars. Ex: glucose, fructose, and galactose

Front 24

Disaccharides

Back 24

Type of carbohydrate which consists of two simple sugars bound together by dehydration

Front 25

polysaccharides

Back 25

Long chains of many monosaccharides, which serve as storage molecules for monosaccharides and form part of cell surface markers. Examples: Starch and cellulose

Front 26

Disaccharides examples?

Back 26

• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose

Front 27

Monomers of Carbohydrates?

Back 27

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Front 28

Monomers of Lipids?

Back 28

• Glycerol
• Fatty Acids

Front 29

Monomers of Proteins?

Back 29

• Amino acids
• Peptide Bonds

Front 30

Monomers of Nucleic Acids?

Back 30

• Nucleotides
• Deoxyribose for DNA
• Ribose for RNA

Front 31

Enzymes

Back 31

Lower the activation energy necessary for a reaction to occur; bring reactants into close proximity.

Front 32

Cofactors

Back 32

Form part of the enzyme's active site and are required to make the enzyme functional.

Front 33

Coenzymes

Back 33

Cofactors that are organic molecules

Front 34

Cholesterol

Back 34

A type of steroid molecule which is very important because other steroid molecules are synthesized from it.

Ex: bile salts which increase fat absorption in the intestines are derived from cholesterol. Also an important component of plasma membranes.

Front 35

Ligand Gated Ion Channel

Back 35

Ion channel in the plasma membrane that responds to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins.

Front 36

Voltage-gated Ion Channel

Back 36

Ion channel that opens when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane.

Front 37

Transporters

Back 37

Also called carrier proteins, are integral proteins that move ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

Front 38

Uniporters

Back 38

Move one particle through the plasma membrane.

Front 39

Symporters

Back 39

Move two particles in the same direction through the plasma membrane at the same time.

Front 40

Antiporters

Back 40

Move two particles in opposite directions through the plasma membrane at the same time

Front 41

Active Transport

Back 41

Transport of molecules across the plasma membrane that requires ATP

Front 42

Secondary active Transport

Back 42

Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane that does not require ATP, but does rely on a secondary mechanism.

Front 43

Diffusion

Back 43

Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in solution.

Front 44

Osmosis

Back 44

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane such as a plasma membrane.

Front 45

Isotonic

Back 45

No difference between concentration of solvents inside or outside of cell

Front 46

Hypertonic

Back 46

Concentration of solvent is higher outside of cell, water leaves the cell, and cell shrinks (crenation)

Front 47

Hypotonic

Back 47

Concentration of solvent is higher inside the cell, water enters the cell, cell swells in size, and eventually lyces

Front 48

Cytosal

Back 48

Fluid portion of cytoplasm, contains dissolved molecules and colloid (proteins in water)

Front 49

Chromatin

Back 49

DNA complexed with proteins

Front 50

Chromosomes

Back 50

Pairs of chromatids

Front 51

Cell Cycle

Back 51

• G1 phase: growth and normal metabolic activities
• S Phase: DNA synthesis (DNA is replicated)
• G2 phase: growth and preparation for mitotic activities
• Mitotic Phase: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Front 52

PMAT

Back 52

stands for the steps of Mitotic Phase

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

Front 53

Post transcriptional Processing

Back 53

• Two strands of DNA separate
• One strand is transcribed to produce pre-mRNA strand
• Intron is cleaved between two exons and is discarded
• Exons are spliced together to make the functional mRNA
• 7-methyl guanosine cap and a poly-A tail are added to the mRNA

Front 54

Components of the Plasma Membrane?

Back 54

Phospholipids and cholesterol.

Front 55

What is sucrose made up of?

Back 55

Glucose and fructose

Front 56

What does the PET scan use?

Back 56

Identifies the metabolic states of various tissues. Radioactively treated glucose is given to a patient, which then shows exactly which cells are metabolically active.