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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The 95 propositions or challenges to the official Church theology posted by Martin Luther on the door of Wittenburg castle in the autumn of 1517.
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95 Theses
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A theory of government that contends that a rightful ruler rules with absolute power over his or her subjects.
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absolutism
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Popular, eighteenth century texts which incorporated much of the new scientific and rational knowledge of the Enlightenment.
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almanacs
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A sect of radical Protestant reformers prevalent in Europe in the sixteenth century who considered true Protestants faith to require social reform.
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Anabaptists
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The nineteenth century ideology which saw the modern state and its institutions as the enemy of individual freedom and recommended terrorism as a way to disrupt the machinery of government.
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anarchism
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(also Old Regime) Term that refers to the traditional social and political hierarchy of eighteenth-century France.
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Ancien Regime
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The state Church of England, established by Henry VIII in the early sixteenth century when he decided to break from the Church in Rome.
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Anglican Church
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The annexation, in March of 1938, of Austria by Nazi Germany.
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Anschluss
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The singling out of Jews as culturally, and sometimes racially, different for the purpose of discrimination against them.
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antisemitism
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Britain's policy, 1936-1939, of acquiescing to Hitler's demands in return for his promise of no further agression.
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appeasement
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A document, drawn up in August of World War II. It rejected any territorial aggrandizement for either Britain or the United States, and it affirmed the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government.
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Atlantic Charter
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Decrees passed by the National Assembly of France in August of 1789 renouncing nobility and the clergy.
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August Decrees
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Engineered by Bismarck as part of his master plan to unify Germany under the Prussian monarchy. Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austrian force, winning victory in only seven weeks. The result was that Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation and a new North German Confederation, completely under the control of Prussia, was created.
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Austro-Prussian War of 1866
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The prison-fortress of eighteenth-centruy Paris which symbolized the despotic power of the Ancien Regime. It was stormed by a revolutionary crowd on 14 July 1789.
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Bastille
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A German vitory over Russian troops in August of 1914 which led to the liberation of East Prussia and began a slow, steady German advancement eastward.
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Battle of Tannenberg
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(also Old Regime) Term that refers to the traditional social and political hierarchy of eighteenth-century France.
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Ancien Regime
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The state Church of England, established by Henry VIII in the early sixteenth century when he decided to break from the Church in Rome.
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Anglican Church
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The annexation, in March of 1938, of Austria by Nazi Germany.
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Anschluss
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The singling out of Jews as culturally, and sometimes racially, different for the purpose of discrimination against them.
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antisemitism
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Britain's policy, 1936-1939, of acquiescing to Hitler's demands in return for his promise of no further agression.
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appeasement
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A document, drawn up in August of World War II. It rejected any territorial aggrandizement for either Britain or the United States, and it affirmed the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government.
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Atlantic Charter
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Decrees passed by the National Assembly of France in August of 1789 renouncing nobility and the clergy.
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August Decrees
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Engineered by Bismarck as part of his master plan to unify Germany under the Prussian monarchy. Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austrian force, winning victory in only seven weeks. The result was that Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation and a new North German Confederation, completely under the control of Prussia, was created.
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Austro-Prussian War of 1866
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The prison-fortress of eighteenth-centruy Paris which symbolized the despotic power of the Ancien Regime. It was stormed by a revolutionary crowd on 14 July 1789.
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Bastille
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A German vitory over Russian troops in August of 1914 which led to the liberation of East Prussia and began a slow, steady German advancement eastward.
|
Battle of Tannenberg
|
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(also Old Regime) Term that refers to the traditional social and political hierarchy of eighteenth-century France.
|
Ancien Regime
|
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The state Church of England, established by Henry VIII in the early sixteenth century when he decided to break from the Church in Rome.
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Anglican Church
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The annexation, in March of 1938, of Austria by Nazi Germany.
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Anschluss
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The singling out of Jews as culturally, and sometimes racially, different for the purpose of discrimination against them.
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antisemitism
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Britain's policy, 1936-1939, of acquiescing to Hitler's demands in return for his promise of no further agression.
|
appeasement
|
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A document, drawn up in August of World War II. It rejected any territorial aggrandizement for either Britain or the United States, and it affirmed the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government.
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Atlantic Charter
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Decrees passed by the National Assembly of France in August of 1789 renouncing nobility and the clergy.
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August Decrees
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Engineered by Bismarck as part of his master plan to unify Germany under the Prussian monarchy. Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austrian force, winning victory in only seven weeks. The result was that Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation and a new North German Confederation, completely under the control of Prussia, was created.
|
Austro-Prussian War of 1866
|
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The prison-fortress of eighteenth-centruy Paris which symbolized the despotic power of the Ancien Regime. It was stormed by a revolutionary crowd on 14 July 1789.
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Bastille
|
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A German vitory over Russian troops in August of 1914 which led to the liberation of East Prussia and began a slow, steady German advancement eastward.
|
Battle of Tannenberg
|
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(also Old Regime) Term that refers to the traditional social and political hierarchy of eighteenth-century France.
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Ancien Regime
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The state Church of England, established by Henry VIII in the early sixteenth century when he decided to break from the Church in Rome.
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Anglican Church
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The annexation, in March of 1938, of Austria by Nazi Germany.
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Anschluss
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The singling out of Jews as culturally, and sometimes racially, different for the purpose of discrimination against them.
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antisemitism
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Britain's policy, 1936-1939, of acquiescing to Hitler's demands in return for his promise of no further agression.
|
appeasement
|
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A document, drawn up in August of World War II. It rejected any territorial aggrandizement for either Britain or the United States, and it affirmed the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government.
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Atlantic Charter
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Decrees passed by the National Assembly of France in August of 1789 renouncing nobility and the clergy.
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August Decrees
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Engineered by Bismarck as part of his master plan to unify Germany under the Prussian monarchy. Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austrian force, winning victory in only seven weeks. The result was that Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation and a new North German Confederation, completely under the control of Prussia, was created.
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Austro-Prussian War of 1866
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The prison-fortress of eighteenth-centruy Paris which symbolized the despotic power of the Ancien Regime. It was stormed by a revolutionary crowd on 14 July 1789.
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Bastille
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A German vitory over Russian troops in August of 1914 which led to the liberation of East Prussia and began a slow, steady German advancement eastward.
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Battle of Tannenberg
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(July to November 1916) World War I British offensive that produced enormous casualties: 400,000 British, 200,000 French, and 500,000 German soldiers perished.
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Battle of the Somme
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The naval battle in which Great Britain's fleet, led by Lord Nelson, defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets on 21 October 1805, making Britain virtually unconquerable.
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Battle of Trafalgar
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(February 1916) World War I battle in which French troops, led by Marshall Petain, repulsed a German offensive; 700,000 men were killed.
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Battle of Verdun
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Napoleon's last stand in 1815; he was defeated in Belgium by a coalition of forces led by Britain's Duke of Wellington.
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Battle of Waterloo
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The U.S. sponsored airlift, from June 1948 to May 1949, which brought supplies to West Berlin; it was a response to Soviet troops cutting off all land traffic from the West into Berlin in an attempt to take control of the whole city.
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Berlin Airlift
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A conference of the European powers to establish guidelines for the partitioning of Africa.
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Berlin Conference of 1885
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A process, invented in the 1850s by the English engineer Henry Bessemer, that allowed steel to be produced more cheaply and in larger quantities.
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Bessemer Process
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A pleague that first appeared in Europe in 1347 and recurred numerous ties until it disappeared in 1352. It is estimated that between one quarter and one-third of the population of Europe died during the plague years.
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Black Death
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(also squadristi) Italian fascist paramilitary groups, largely recruited from disgruntled war veterans, commanded by Mussolini and increasingly relied upon to keep order by the Italian government in the 1920s.
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Blackshirts
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A party of revoltuionary Marxists, led by Lenin, who seized power in Russian in November 1917.
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Bolsheviks
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An attempted coup by the French General George Boulanger in the early 1880s; it underscored the fragility of French democracy and the volatility of mass politics in France.
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Boulanger Affair
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In eighteenth and nineteenth century France, a term for the merchant and commercial classes. In Marxist social critique, the class that owns the means of production and exploits wage-laborers.
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bourgeoise
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(1899-1900) An attempted rebellion by Chinese Nationalists qhich aimed at overthrowing the Western-dependent Manchu dynasty; it was suppressed by European powers
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Boxer Rebellion
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The official concerns and grievances of the three Estates that composed the political orders of eighteenth-century France. Members representing each of the three Estates met in the Estates General to hear the problems of the realm and to hear pleas for new taxes. In return, they were allowed to present their cahiers.
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cahiers
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Voltaire's sprawling satire of European culture, penned in 1759; the classic example of Enlightenment period satire.
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Candide
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Secret groups of Italian nationalists active int he early part of the nineteenth century; in 1820, the Carbonari briefly succeeded in organizing an uprising that forced King Ferdinand I of the Kingdom of the Two Siciliesto grant a constitution and a new Parliament.
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Carbonari
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A coalition of socialist parties, swept into power in France in the elections of 1924; caused an ultranationalist reaction in France.
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Cartel des Gauches
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Crops grown for sale and export in the market oriented approach that replaced the manorial system during the Agricultural Revolution of the eighteenth century.
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cash crops
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The realm, in the Aristotelian view of the cosmos, above the orbit of the moon.
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celestial realm
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(1837-1842) A movement in Britain in support of the People's Charter, a petition that called for: universal manhood suffrage; annual Parliaments; voting by secret ballot; equal elector districts; abolition of property qualifications for Members of Parliament; and payment of Members of Parliament.
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Chartism
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The independent cities of the Italian Peninsula that were ruled by powerful merchant families; the unique political structure of the Italian peninsula that was a crucial factor in the advent of the Renaissance.
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city-states
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A movement in Czechoslovakia and East Germany in the 1980s, which sought to rebuild notions of citizenship and civic life that had been destroyed by the Soviet system; became an organizational and inspirational rallying point for opposition to Soviet domination.
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Civic Forum
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Legislation passed by the National Assembly of France in September of 1791 that turned clergymen into employees of the government and turned Church property into property of the state.
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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The society formed when free men come together and surrender some of their individual power in return for greater protection.
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civil society
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The sense of belonging to a "working class" that developed among European workers during the Second Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century; a result of the working together in factories and living together in isolated slums.
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class consciousness
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As an extension of his Five Year Plan (initiated in 1928), Stalin pursued a policy of destroying the culture of the peasant village and replacing it with one organized around huge collective farms. The peasants resisted and were killed, starved, or driven into Siberia in numbers that can only be estimated but which may have been as high as eight million.
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collectivization of agriculture
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Dialogues written (beginning in 1519) by the most important and influential of the northern humanists, Desiderius Erasmus, for the purpose of teaching his students both the Latin language and how to live a good life.
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Colloquies
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A 12-man committee created in the summer of 1793 and invested with almost total power in order that it might secure the fragile French Republic from its enemies.
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Committee of Public Safety
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(1649-1660) The period where England was rulde without a monarch, following the victory of the Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War and the subsequent execution of Charles I.
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The Commonwealth
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The ideology dedicated to the creation of a class-free society through the abolition of private property.
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communism
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The Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph's attempt, in 1866, to deal with the demands for greater autonomy from the ethnic minorities within the Hapsburg Empire. The compromise set up a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, where Franz Joseph served as the ruler of Both Austria and Hungary, each of which had its own parliament.
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Compromise of 1867
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The alliance created in Novemer of 1815 that required important diplomatic decisions to be made by all four great powers - Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain - "in concert" with one another.
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Concert of Europe
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A fifteenth-century movement, composed of various councils of cardinals, which attempted to reform, reunite and reinvigorate the Christian Church of Europe.
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Conciliar Movement
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An agreement signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and the Catholic Church of Rome, reconciling France with the Catholic Church by stipulating that French clergy would be chosen and paid by the state, but consecrated by the pope.
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Concordat of 1801
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Representatives from the four major powers that had combined to defeat Napoleon - Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria - met in Paris in November of 1814 to forge a peace settlement.
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Congress of Vienna
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The nineteenth-century ideology which held that tradition was the only trustworthy guide to social and political action.
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conservatism
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A theory of government that contends that a rightful ruler's power is limited by an agreement with his or her subjects.
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constitutional monarchy
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A three-man executive body, established immediately following Naoleon Bonaparte's coup d' etat in November of 1799. In 1802, Napoleon was acknowledged as the sole executive officer and given the title "first consul for life."
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Consulate
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Established by Napoleon in order to weaken Britain, the system forbade the Continental European staets and kingdoms under French control from trading with Britain.
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Continental System
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The theory, following Nicolas Copernicus, that the sun is at the center of the cosmos and that the Earth is the third planet from the sun.
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Copernicanism
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(also putting-out system) A system in which rural peasants engaged in small-scale textile manufacturing that developed in the eighteenth century to allow merchants, faced with an ever-expanding demand for textiles, to get around the guild system.
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cottage industry
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Machine invented in 1793 by an American, Eli Whitney, that efficiently removed seed from raw cotton, thereby increasing the speed with which it could be processed and sent to spinners.
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cotton gin
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The Soviet Union's response to the Marshall Plan, whereby the Soviet Union offered economic aid packages for Eastern European countries.
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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
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Reform council of the Catholic Church which began its deliberations in 1545. Despite its reformist aims, it continued to insist that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith.
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Council of Trent
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A judicial innovation of Henry VII of England, designed to curb the independence of the nobility, whereby criminal charges brought against the nobility were judged by a court of the king's own councilors.
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Court of the Star Chamber
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A declaration adopted by the National Assembly of France on 27 August 1789, espousing individual rights and liberties for all citizens.
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"Declaration onf the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
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The belief that the compleixt, order, and natural laws exhibited by the universe were reasonable proofs that it had been created by a God who was no longer active.
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Deism
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Galileo's treatise of 1632, where he dismantled the arguments in favor of the traditional, Aristotleian view of the cosmos, and presented the Copernican system as the only alternative for reasonable people.
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Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
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The mid-eighteenth century shift in European alliances, whereby the expansionist aims of Frederick II of Prussia caused old enemies to become allies. Specifically, Prussia, fearful of being isolated by its enemies, forged an alliance in 1756 with its former enemy Great Britain; and Austria and France, previously antagonistic towards one another, responded by forging an alliance of their own.
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Diplomatic Revolution
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A five-man board created to handle the executive functions of the government during Thermidor, the third and final phase of the French Revolution.
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Directory
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Rene Descartes's treatise of 1637, where he established a method of philosophical inquiry based on radical skepticism.
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Discourse on Method
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The collective name for Protestant groups and sects who refused to join the Anglican Church in England.
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dissenters
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The theory that contended that monarchs received their right to rule directly from God.
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Divine Right of Kings
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A technique whereby formerly complex tasks that required knowledge and skill were broken down into a series of simple tasks, aided by machines.
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division of labor
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The Italian word that refers to the military strongmen who ruled Italian city-states, such as Venice, during the Renaissance.
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doge
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The protracted prosecution, beginning in 1894, of a young Jewish officer int he French Army, Alfred Dreyfuss for treason. His numerous trials divided the French nation, illustrating how ultranationalist and antisemetic feelings were in the French establishment.
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Dreyfuss Affair
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Royal edict which established the principle of religious toleration in France; proclaimed in 1598 and revoked in 1685.
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Edict of Nantes
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The name given in Calvinist theology to the group of people who have been predestined by God for salvation.
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elect
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The basic components of matter in Aristotelian physics; there were five: earth, wind, fire, water, air, and aether.
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elements
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A diplomatic correspondence between Napoleon III of France and William I of Prussia, edited by Bismarck to make it seem like they had insulted one another. An example of Realpolitik
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Ems Telegram
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