Ap European History Exam Help

Front 1

The dominant trend of government in Renaissance city-states in Italy was from?:

Back 1

republicanism to despotism

Front 2

Which of the following locations had the greatest influence on shaping the values of the Italian Renaissance?:

Back 2

the townhouse of an Italian merchant.

Front 3

Renaissance education was characterized by?:

Back 3

emphasis on developing the "complete individual".

Front 4

The favorite classical author of Renaissance scholars was?:

Back 4

Cicero

Front 5

The literary masterpiece that satirized the ideals of knighthood and chivalry was written by?:

Back 5

Cervantes.

Front 6

Renaissance courtiers were?:

Back 6

people who served a prince in multiple political and administrative ways.

Front 7

Civic humanists?:

Back 7

advocated active service to the city-state.

Front 8

Northern humanists differed from their Italian predecessors

Back 8

in their focus on the textual reexamination of the Bible and the writings of the early Church Fathers.(Italian Renassiance consisted of an interest in Greek manuscripts, more classical based.)

Front 9

Art and sciences are not cast in a mold, but are perfected by degrees, by often handling and polishing, as bears leisurely lick their cubs into form. (Michel de Montaigne, Works II. xii, 1533-1592)

Back 9

skepticism concerning known or revealed truth.

Front 10

Mannerist art was characterized by?:

Back 10

distorted human figures and unnatural lighting effects.

Front 11

According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance represented?:

Back 11

a distinct break from the Middle Ages.

Front 12

Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that?:

Back 12

God gave humans free will so that they could choose to be earthly or spiritual creatures.

Front 13

Thomas More's Utopia?:

Back 13

presented a revolutionary social order based on communal living and property.

Front 14

Italian Renaissance art can be most appropriately described as?:

Back 14

NeoClassicism in which the traditional characteristics of harmony and symmetry were valued.

Front 15

Lorenzo Valla gained fame for?:

Back 15

proving the Donation of Constantine a fraud.

Front 16

David Ricardo (1772-1823)

Back 16

English economist who formulated to "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistece level for workers because of population growth

Front 17

Inquisition

Back 17

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and excecution

Front 18

Mary Wollstonecraft

Back 18

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Front 19

Carlsbad Decrees (1819)

Back 19

Repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of speech and deissemination of liberal ideas in the universities

Front 20

Night of August 4, 1789

Back 20

date of declaration by liberal noblemen of the National Assembly at a secret meeting to abolish to feudal regime in France

Front 21

Parlement

Back 21

Law court staffed by nobles that could register of refuse to register a king's edict.

Front 22

Bastille

Back 22

political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versaille

Front 23

when was slavery abolished in the british empire?

Back 23

Abolished slavery in the British Empire, 1833

Front 24

"Red Shirt"

Back 24

Volunteers in Garibaldi's army

Front 25

Banalities

Back 25

Fees that peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop and winepress

Front 26

Repeal of Test Act (1828)

Back 26

Allowed Prtestants who were not members of the Church of England to hold public office

Front 27

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

Back 27

Idealistis patriot devoted for the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states

Front 28

Elizabeth I

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Protestant ruler-England- helped stablize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations.

Front 29

Law of the Maximum

Back 29

the fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule

Front 30

Henry IV

Back 30

Formerly Henry of Navarre, ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholiscism

Front 31

Fronde

Back 31

the last aristoctic revolt against a French monarch

Front 32

Indemnity Bill (1867)

Back 32

bill passed by German Reichstag that legitimated Bismark's unconstitutional collection of taxes to modernize army in 1863

Front 33

Poor Law of 1834

Back 33

Legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid

Front 34

The population losses caused by the black death & 100 Years’ War resulted in

Back 34

the virtual dissapearance of serfdom in france

Front 35

Duke of Alva

Back 35

Military leader sent by Philip to pacify the Low Countries(Netherlands)

Front 36

Pugechev (1726-1775)

Back 36

Head of bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convince Cathering the Great to throw her suppore to the nobles and cease internal reforms

Front 37

Risorgimento

Back 37

Itailian derived and desire for unity

Front 38

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Back 38

Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe

Front 39

academic pursuits of the clergy were criticized in the 16th century, true or false?

Back 39

false

Front 40

New Religious order for women that emerged in the 16th century

Back 40

Ursuline Order

Front 41

Montesquieu

Back 41

Spirit of Laws; Persian Letters; wanted a balance in government

Front 42

Francis Deak (1803-1876)

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Magyar, forced Franz Joseph to agree to Compromise of 1867 which created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Front 43

Roger Fenton

Back 43

Battlefield photographer of the Crimean War

Front 44

Home of Savoy

Back 44

The Italian dynasty ruling independent state of Piedmont-Sardinia. Its head was King Victor Emmanuel II.

Front 45

Jacobins

Back 45

The dominant group in the National Convention in 1793 who replaced he Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre.

Front 46

According to Laura Cereta, inferiority of woman was a consequence of their

Back 46

own failure to live up to their potential

Front 47

French Classicalism

Back 47

the style in 17th-cent. art and literature resembling the arts in the ancient world and in the Renaissance-e.g., the works of Poussin, Moliere, and Racine

Front 48

Aristotelian-Ptolemic cosmology

Back 48

the geocentric view of theuniverse that prevailed from the fourth cent. BC, to the 16th &17th cent. and accored with church teachings and Scriptures

Front 49

Cahier de dolances

Back 49

List of grievances that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789

Front 50

Simony

Back 50

the selling of church offices

Front 51

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-1861)

Back 51

Nephew of Napoleon I; he came into power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848

Front 52

Philosophes

Back 52

Social critics of the 18th cent. who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason

Front 53

Luther & Zwingli disagreed on what?

Back 53

the Eucharist

Front 54

This medieval school of thought began losing its popularity during the Renaissance. For example, the clergy used to have intellectual discussions on subjects like how many saints could occupy the head of a pin.

Back 54

Scholasticism

Front 55

I am considered the first great painter of the Renaissance period.

Back 55

Giotto Di Bondonne

Front 56

________ wrote this amusing but serious book about a knight who does not realize that times have changed and goes about saving "damsels in distress" and the like. It was actually about the inability of the nobility to let go of the medieval past.

Back 56

Cervantes; Don Quixote

Front 57

In this book, _______ ____ described a perfect society in which people lived in harmony. He wrote it because of the unjust punishments for crimes and the religious persecutions of the time. He therefore realized his dream of a better society in this book.

Back 57

Thomas More; Utopia

Front 58

Machiavelli based The Prince on this figure in history.

Back 58

Caesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander II.

Front 59

These Renaissance writers and/or humanists were concerned with wisdom, virtue and morality.

Back 59

civic humanists

Front 60

The most influential classical Roman scholar of the Renaissance. His works were praised by Renaissance fathers such as Petrarch.

Back 60

Cicero

Front 61

This is the belief that there is an ideal form of every object but it exists in another plane. It was introduced by Plato (hence the name) and people who believed in it reflected this philosophy by trying to reproduce the beauty of the soul through art.

Back 61

Neo-Platonism

Front 62

He is known as the "father of modern skepticism." He stated that God was unknowable, and that people needed to realize that perfection was unattainable. He was also disturbed by some of the scientific discoveries of the time.

Back 62

Michel de Montaigne

Front 63

These people believed in reviving classical teaching and text. They also abandoned scholasticism in favor of Latin, grammar, logic, rhetoric and metaphysics. Their main goal was to revive the glory of the classic age.

Back 63

humanists

Front 64

When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs. In the 16th century this jingle was most likely spoken by?:

Back 64

Johannes Tetzel.

Front 65

The Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) was begun by?:

Back 65

Charles V to restore Catholicism to the Holy Roman Empire.

Front 66

Ulrich Zwingli was responsible for the Protestant conversion of?:

Back 66

Switzerland.

Front 67

The Diet of Worms was?:

Back 67

an Imperial Council that ordered Martin Luther to recant and condemned him when he refused.

Front 68

Probably the most important reason for the popularity of Lutheranism among the Northern German princes was that it?:

Back 68

attacked the idea of divinely established Papal authority.

Front 69

Issac Newton (1642-1727)

Back 69

English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited an universe operating in accord with natural law

Front 70

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Back 70

War waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea on the part of Russia. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris(1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia

Front 71

Carbonari

Back 71

Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815

Front 72

Bundesrat

Back 72

The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature)

Front 73

Bill of Rights - 1689

Back 73

English document declaring that sovereignty resided with Parliment

Front 74

St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre

Back 74

August 24, 1572- Catholic attack on Clavinists on marriage day of Margarer of Valois to Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV)

Front 75

Realpolitik

Back 75

The "politics of reality," i.e., the use of practical means to achieve ends. Bismark was a practitioner.

Front 76

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Back 76

British philosopher who published On Liberty(1859), advocating indivdual rights against overnment intrusion, and The Subjection of Women (1869), on the cause of women's rights

Front 77

Domestic System

Back 77

the manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system

Front 78

Catholic Emancipation Bill (1829)

Back 78

Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time

Front 79

Christopher Columbus

Back 79

First European to sail to the West Indies, 1492

Front 80

Galileo (1564-1642)

Back 80

Italian scientist, formulated terrestrial laws and modern law of Inertia; he also provided edvidence for the Copernican hypothesis.

Front 81

nepotism

Back 81

The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions

Front 82

Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864)

Back 82

Leader of the revisionist socialist, who hoped to achieve socialism through the ballot rather than the bullet. They agreed to work within the framework of the existing government

Front 83

Frederick William(1640-1688)

Back 83

The "Great Elector", who built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society.

Front 84

Deism

Back 84

the belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny

Front 85

Vasco de Balboa

Back 85

First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513

Front 86

Diggers and Levellers

Back 86

Radical groups in England in the 1650's who called for the abolition of private ownership and extension of the franchise

Front 87

Index

Back 87

A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read

Front 88

Emancipation Edict (1861)

Back 88

The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectiely responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years

Front 89

Alexander III (1881-1894)

Back 89

Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia. Boyar-Russian noble

Front 90

Pluralism

Back 90

the holding of several benifices, or church offices

Front 91

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

Back 91

Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790, which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Front 92

Alexander II (1855-1881)

Back 92

Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government

Front 93

Rotten boroughs

Back 93

AP EURO EXAM Mmorize this list (more information - contact author) Flashcard 85 of 239 (Answer)
depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament

Front 94

Philip II

Back 94

Son and sucessor of Charles V, ruling Spain and the Low Countries

Front 95

Regard to divorce in 16th and 17th cent.:

Back 95

Catholic didn’t accept, Prostestant did, however adultery and irreconcilable differences

Front 96

Test Act (1673)

Back 96

law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters to hold politcal office

Front 97

Charles V

Back 97

Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensice territories in Spain and the Netherlands.He also attacked the Schmalkaldic League in 1546

Front 98

Zollverein

Back 98

Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia & including almost all German speaking states except Austria by 1844

Front 99

Taille

Back 99

A direct tax from which most French Nobles were exempt

Front 100

John Knox

Back 100

Calvinist leader in 16th-cent. Scotland

Front 101

J.G. Fichte (1762-1814)

Back 101

German writer who believed that the German spirit was nobler and purer than that of other peoples.

Front 102

Quadruple Alliance

Back 102

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; Frnace joined in 1818.

Front 103

Count Cavour (1810-1861)

Back 103

Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy

Front 104

Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584)

Back 104

earned his nickname for hs great acts of cruelty directed towards all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first rler to assume the titile Czar of all Russia

Front 105

Tabula rasa

Back 105

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

Front 106

Decembrist Revolt (1825)

Back 106

plot by Liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up constitutional monarchy or republic. Plot failed because it was put down by Nicholas I, but ideals remained

Front 107

James I

Back 107

Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Front 108

Organized the petition for the Bloody Sunday Incident of January 22, 1905 in Russia.

Back 108

Father Gapon

Front 109

Factory Act

Back 109

limited children's and adolescents workweek in textile factories

Front 110

Catherin de Medici

Back 110

the wife of Henry II of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons

Front 111

Napoleon III (1852-1870)

Back 111

the former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire

Front 112

Kulturkampf

Back 112

Bismark's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventuallt, after little success, Bismark halted these policies

Front 113

Condottiere

Back 113

A mercenary soldier of a political ruler

Front 114

Rene Descarte (1596-1650)

Back 114

deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures

Front 115

Ivan the Great (1462-1505)

Back 115

The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing his nobles and attaing absolute power

Front 116

Reichstag

Back 116

the lower house of the German Diet, or legislature.

Front 117

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Back 117

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number

Front 118

Hegelian Dialectic

Back 118

The idea, accoring to G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831), a German philosopher, that social change results from the conflict of opposite ideas. The thesis is confronted by antithesis, resulting in a synthesis, which then becomes a new thesis. The process is evolutionary. Marx turned Hegel "upside down" and made class conflict, not ideas, is the force driving history foward.

Front 119

John Locke

Back 119

Two Treatises of Government; Essay on Human Understanding

Front 120

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Back 120

The Social Contract; Emile

Front 121

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Back 121

Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature; The Leviathan

Front 122

J.G. Herder (1774-1803)

Back 122

Forerunner of the German Romantic movement who believed that each people shared a national character, or Volksgeist.

Front 123

Baroque

Back 123

The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter Reformation

Front 124

Sergei Witte (1849-1915

Back 124

Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder ot the Tran Siberian Railroad

Front 125

Colbert(1619-1683)

Back 125

The financial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies

Front 126

Fernando Cortez

Back 126

Conqueror of the Aztects, 1519-1521

Front 127

Bartholomew Diaz

Back 127

First European to reach the southern tip of Africa, 1487-1488.

Front 128

Subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was result of

Back 128

the Italians failure to coordinate a common defense

Front 129

Council of Trent

Back 129

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittnetly from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and recouncil with the Protestants

Front 130

Prince Clemens von Metternich (1773-1859)

Back 130

Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna

Front 131

Dialectial materialism

Back 131

the idea, according Karl Marx, that change and developement in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways

Front 132

Reform Bill of 1832

Back 132

AP EURO EXAM Mmorize this list (more information - contact author) Flashcard 161 of 239 (Answer)
Gave vote to all men who paid ten pounds of rent a year; eliminated the rotten boroughs in Great Britain.

Front 133

Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

Back 133

Wrote the Organization of Work (1840) which proposed the use of competition to eliminate competition. It was the step toward future socialist society. Advocated the principle, "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."

Front 134

Ems Telegram

Back 134

The carefully edited dispatch by Bismark to the French ambassador Bendetti that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor

Front 135

Concordat of Bologna

Back 135

Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over the catholic church in France and right to collect all income but king obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots

Front 136

Peninsular War (1808-1813)

Back 136

Napoleon's long drawn-out war with Spain

Front 137

Defenestration of Prague

Back 137

The hurling, by Protesants, of Catholic officails from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War

Front 138

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Back 138

inductice thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth

Front 139

Ferdinand Magellan

Back 139

Circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522.

Front 140

Casare Beccaria

Back 140

On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty and was a founding work in the field of criminology.

Front 141

Treaty of Frankfurt

Back 141

The end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany

Front 142

known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola(1491-1556) as teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Back 142

Jesuits

Front 143

European kingdom that took the lead in overseas exploration was:

Back 143

Portugal

Front 144

Holy Alliance

Back 144

an alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian principles

Front 145

Gustvus Adolphus

Back 145

Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Prostestants in Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles

Front 146

The Star Chamber

Back 146

dealt w/ noble threats to royal power in England, made by Henry VII Tudor

Front 147

Voltaire

Back 147

Philosophical Letters; Candide

Front 148

Burschenschaften

Back 148

Politcaly active students around 1815, in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles

Front 149

Siege of Paris

Back 149

the four month Prussain assult on the French capital after Napoleon III's surrender in 1870

Front 150

Constitutionalism

Back 150

the theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects and the state governed according to laws

Front 151

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Back 151

A leading utopian socialist ho envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.

Front 152

Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

Back 152

Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austria territories

Front 153

In the absense of the papacy during the Babylonian Captivity, rome was in a state of

Back 153

poverty

Front 154

theocracy

Back 154

a communitty, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state is subordinate to the church

Front 155

Lorenzo Valla

Back 155

Hummanist who used historical criticism to discredit 8th-cent. document giving papacy jurisdiction over Western lands.

Front 156

Classical liberalism

Back 156

Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosphes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its political goals were self government(concept of general will); a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire(free trade-no government interference in the workings of the economy

Front 157

Usury

Back 157

the practice of lending money for interest

Front 158

Frederick the Great (1740-1786)

Back 158

Prussian ruler who expanded territory by invading the duchy of Silesia and defeatingMaeia Theresa of Austria.

Front 159

Examples of New Monarchs from three separate nations:

Back 159

The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strenghthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.

Front 160

Hebert Spencer (1820-1903)

Back 160

English philospher who argued that in the difficult economic struggle for evistence, only the "fittest" would survive

Front 161

Sans-culottes

Back 161

The term came to refer to the ill-clad and ill-equipped volunteers of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, but, above all, to the working class extremists of the Revolution

Front 162

Enlightenment

Back 162

the intellectual revolution of the 18 century in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices.

Front 163

Petition of Right (1628)

Back 163

Parliamentary document that restricted the king's power. Most notably, it called for recognition of the writ of habeas corpas and held that only Parliament could impose new taxes.

Front 164

Royal Society of London and French Academy of Sciences did:

Back 164

Organized bodies for scientific study

Front 165

Directory (1795-1799)

Back 165

The 5-men executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's exceution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power

Front 166

Church Statute of 1721

Back 166

A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members(lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to czar

Front 167

Eduard Bernstein(1850-1932)

Back 167

Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet-i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliment and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP)

Front 168

Francisco Pizarro

Back 168

Conqueror of Peru, 1532-1533

Front 169

Brethren of the Common Life

Back 169

Pious laypeople, 16th-cent. Holland who initiated religious revival in their model of Christian living

Front 170

Robert Owen (1771-1858

Back 170

Utopian socialist who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most notable was New Harmony (1826) which failed

Front 171

Declaration of Pillnitz(1791)

Back 171

Austria and Prussia agreed to intervene in France to end revolution w/ the unanimous agreement of the great powers

Front 172

During the 100 Year War, English kings were supported by some French barons because

Back 172

The wanted to stop the French Monarchy’s centralizing efforts

Front 173

Thomas Malthus (1776-1834)

Back 173

English parson whose Essay on Population (1798) argued population would always increase faster that food supply.

Front 174

Tennis Court Oath

Back 174

Declaration mainly by members of Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789)

Front 175

Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847)

Back 175

Irish advocate for the Penal Laws against Catholics. Tried to have repealed the Act of Union of 1800, which linked Britain and Ireland legislatively. His election to Parliament was the path for the 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act which declared Catholics were eligible for Public Office.

Front 176

Flora Tristan (1803-1844)

Back 176

Socialist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights

Front 177

Micheal Bakunin (1814-1876)

Back 177

Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. He believed that revolutionary movements should be lead by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state and create a new social order.

Front 178

Corn Laws

Back 178

Repealed in 1846. They had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristoctatic landholdings

Front 179

Francois Guizot (1787-1874)

Back 179

Chief minister under Louis Philippe. Guizot's repesssion led to the revolution of 1848

Front 180

Young Italy

Back 180

An assciation under the leadership of Mazzini that urger the unification of the country

Front 181

Kulak

Back 181

an independent and propertied Russian Farmer

Front 182

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (August 27, 1789)

Back 182

Document that embodied the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings in France.

Front 183

Sir Thomas More

Back 183

Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VII for his unwillingness to recognize publicly his king as Supreme Head of the church and clergy of England

Front 184

Micheal Romanov

Back 184

in 1613 an assembly of nobles chose Michael as new czar. For the next 300 years the Romanov family ruled in Russia.

Front 185

Interregnum

Back 185

the period of Cromwellian rule (1649-1659), between the Stuart dynastic rules of Charles I and Charles II

Front 186

Treaty of Tilsit (1807)

Back 186

Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces

Front 187

Peter Stolypin (1862-1911)

Back 187

Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved edcation for enterprising peasants.

Front 188

Peace of Utrecht(1713)

Back 188

The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain, and conferring control of Gibraltar on England

Front 189

The Brethren of Common Life represent?:

Back 189

an example of pre-Reformation popular piety.

Front 190

John Wycliffe and John Huss both appealed to the superiority of?:

Back 190

the Bible.

Front 191

Many German peasants were attracted to Luther's ideas chiefly because they?:

Back 191

believed he supported their freedom from serfdom.

Front 192

Martin Luther believed that women should?:

Back 192

rule the household.

Front 193

A result of the Protestant Reformation of the 16c was the?:

Back 193

establishment of state churches in England, Scotland, and northern Germany.

Front 194

The official creed of Lutheranism was summed up in?:

Back 194

the Augsburg Confession.

Front 195

The popular lay movements that most directly assailed the late medieval Church were the?:

Back 195

Lollards and Hussites.

Front 196

The principal reason for the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church was the?:

Back 196

desire to complete the building of the new St. Peter's in Rome.

Front 197

The Protestant Reformation?:

Back 197

encouraged the movement for popular education.

Front 198

Which of the following northern Christian humanist writers and their works are paired INCORRECTLY?:
1 - Sir Thomas More - Utopia.
2 - Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote.
3 - Francois Rabaleis - The Handbook of the Courtier.
4 - Desiderius Erasmus - In Praise of Foly.

Back 198

This is paired incorrectly =
3 - Francois Rabaleis - The Handbook of the Courtier.

Front 199

The printing press helped the Reformation succeed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?:

Back 199

it allowed the papacy to rapidly suppress Lutheranism.

Front 200

The Council of Trent was important because?:

Back 200

it reaffirmed the traditional doctrines of the Catholic Church.

Front 201

England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the?:

Back 201

Act of Supremacy.

Front 202

The Reformation influenced the development of the modern world primarily by?:

Back 202

providing some justification for challenging the absolute authority of kings.

Front 203

The "Weber Thesis" attempted to explain the connections between the rise of Calvinism and the rise of?:

Back 203

capitalism.

Front 204

The Elizabethan Settlement?:

Back 204

established the Church of England

Front 205

Which of the following supported Martin Luther?:

Back 205

Prince Frederick III, the Elector of Saxony.

Front 206

They believed that any reason or problem that occurred with the state should be put ahead any religious principles.

Back 206

politiques

Front 207

I issued the Edict of Nantes and tried to restore stability back in France.

Back 207

Henry IV

Front 208

He was one of Ferdinand II's generals who drove the Protestant forces to Hungry in 1625.

Back 208

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Front 209

What is iconoclasm?

Back 209

Iconoclasm is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives.

Front 210

I believed in iconoclasm and later died in the Battle of Kapel carrying a sword and a Bible.

Back 210

Ulrich Zwingli

Front 211

This document required all the king's subject to take an oath of loyalty to the king as head of the Church of England.

Back 211

Act of Supremacy

Front 212

This is a view that the Church is a corporation of cardinals that can override papal authority.

Back 212

conciliarism

Front 213

To England he was known as the "Defender of the Faith", soon after he found the Anglican Church.

Back 213

Henry VIII

Front 214

I wanted to make France the strongest country in Europe and realized that to do this I needed to decrease power of the Huguenots and nobles.

Back 214

Cardinal Richelieu

Front 215

This council was summoned by Charles V, condemned Luther's beliefs, and forbade Luther from preaching and declared him a heretic.

Back 215

The Edict of Worms 1521

Front 216

The first European country to enter into direct trade with the Far East and establish colonies there was?:

Back 216

Portugal.

Front 217

The Spanish empire in America was characterized by?:

Back 217

the introduction of a manorial-like system, the encomienda.

Front 218

Which group generally benefited from the inflation of the sixteenth century?:

Back 218

merchants

Front 219

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) granted Portugal the eastern trade route to the Indies as well as Brazil; lands to the west of Brazil were given to?:

Back 219

Spain.

Front 220

The technological innovations in maritime technology by the 1500s were important because?:

Back 220

they made it possible for Europeans to sail anywhere.

Front 221

By the 16th century the center of commercial activity had shifted from the Mediterranean to the?:

Back 221

Atlantic Ocean.

Front 222

Encomiendas in the Spanish New World were?:

Back 222

grants permitting owners to take income or labor from land and its inhabitants.

Front 223

The Mediterranean carrying trade in the 14c and 15c was in the hands of?:

Back 223

Venice.

Front 224

Portuguese exploration of the African coast was inspired and supported by?:

Back 224

Prince Henry the Navigator.

Front 225

The major cause of the growing weakness of Spain and Portugal after 1600 was the?:

Back 225

failure to find productive investments with profits from New World colonies.

Front 226

In 1571 the Spanish and Turkish fought for control of the Mediterranean at the battle of?:

Back 226

Lepanto.

Front 227

Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16c?:

Back 227

the Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals.

Front 228

For England, the primary result of the 16c wars with Spain was that it?:

Back 228

assured her national independence and promoted an intense national spirit.

Front 229

bullionism is:

Back 229

the accumulation of precious metals by the government to obtain a favorable balance of trade.

Front 230

This city established the first Modern European bank in 1609.

Back 230

Amsterdam

Front 231

A financial scheme in 18th-century France that an 1716 law established the Banque Générale, a bank with the authority to issue notes. A year later it established the Compagnie d'Occident ("Company of the West") and obtained for it exclusive privileges to develop the vast French territories in North America. It triggered a speculative frenzy and ended in financial collapse.

Back 231

Mississipi Bubble

Front 232

An inflationary period at the end of the 16c caused by the influx of gold bullion and silver during the Commercial Revolution. It resulted in a transfer of bullion from Spain to the Far East.

Back 232

Price Revolution

Front 233

Negotiated by the Pope and agreed upon by the Spanish and the Portuguese to clear up confusion on newly claimed land in the New World. It re-established the line 370 leagues (1,770 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands.

Back 233

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Front 234

In colonial Spanish America, the legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the Indian population in its American colonies. It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista ("Reconquest") of Muslim Spain.

Back 234

Encomienda System

Front 235

We were German merchants who created a banking dynasty which dominated European business during the 15th and 16th centuries.

Back 235

Fugger Family

Front 236

A maritime insurance association in London that formed the first modern European insurance company in 1688.

Back 236

Lloyd's of London

Front 237

Elizabeth I's major goal in foreign policy was to?:

Back 237

avoid open warfare whenever possible and keep England strong and at peace.

Front 238

After the United Provinces of the Netherlands won independence from Spain, their government could BEST be described as?:

Back 238

a weak union of strong provinces.

Front 239

The single greatest cause of warfare between 1550 and 1650 was?:

Back 239

religious rivalries.

Front 240

Phillip II's foreign policy consisted of an attempt to return the Lutheran areas of north Germany to the Catholic fold. True or False?

Back 240

False

Front 241

Ferdinand and Isabella consolidated royal power in Spain by?:

Back 241

obtaining from the papacy the right to make major ecclesiastical appointments in Spain.

Front 242

By breaking ties with Rome in the 1530s and establishing my own church, I greatly extended my power and possessions.

Back 242

Henry VIII

Front 243

An extremely unpopular tax on ports, which the crown with dubious logic extended to inland towns as well, and generated resistance during the hard times of the 1590s.

Back 243

ship money

Front 244

This bill, passed before Queen Elizabeth's reign, required all officials, clergy, and candidates for university degrees to take an oath acknowledging the queen as "governor" of the English Church.

Back 244

Act of Supremacy

Front 245

After the long War of the Roses, I became the first Tudor monarch in 1485

Back 245

King Henry VII

Front 246

I surprisingly joined the Protestant forces, England and the Dutch Republic, instead of the Catholic forces during the Thirty Years' War. I also defied my mother, Marie de Medici, and laid the foundations for absolute monarchical rule in France.

Back 246

King Louis XIII (his chief minister was Cardinal Richelieu)

Front 247

I became queen of England in 1558. I managed to successfully maintain peace among the different religious sects in my country, while increasing my country's prestige and power.

Back 247

Queen Elizabeth I

Front 248

In 1598, King Henry IV of France passed this which established Catholicism as the official religion but also granted the nation's 2 million Huguenots some spiritual freedom and allowed them to establish their own towns.

Back 248

Edict of Nantes

Front 249

I led the Catholic League and was briefly married to "Bloody Mary." I built El Escorial and annexed Portugal.

Back 249

King Philip II

Front 250

I was the first czar of the longest ruling family in Russia, I claimed the throne in 1613.

Back 250

Michael Romanov

Front 251

As Queen of the Scots, I was ousted by Protestant nobles and later held captive and finally killed by Queen Elizabeth I.

Back 251

Mary Stuart

Front 252

Nicknamed "the Great Elector," I waged war and acquired much territory. I also established a central administrational bureaucracy and a modern civil service in Prussia.

Back 252

Frederick William

Front 253

I said, "Paris is well worth a Mass" in reference to my conversion to Catholicism in order to receive the French throne.

Back 253

Henry of Navarre(later Henry IV)

Front 254

Nicknamed "Bloody Mary," I tried to reinstate Catholicism in England after my brother Edward's death.

Back 254

Mary Tudor

Front 255

I prompted Pope Paul III to convene the Council of Trent in 1545 to assess the condition of the Catholic Church and to define its doctrines.

Back 255

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Front 256

I was nicknamed "the Terrible" for torturing many of my people and institutionalizing feudalism in Russia.

Back 256

Ivan IV

Front 257

The religious climate of France prior to the French Wars of Religion was best characterized by?:

Back 257

a nobility that was nearly 50% Huguenots.

Front 258

The remark attributed to the French king, Henry IV, that Paris is worth a Mass, is usually interpreted to mean that he?:

Back 258

put political necessities above personal beliefs.

Front 259

In the late 1620s and early 1630s, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden played a key role in European affairs by?:

Back 259

leading a Protestant coalition against Catholic Europe.

Front 260

The Thirty Years' War became primarily a political conflict during the?:

Back 260

Swedish-French phase.

Front 261

The English political philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, held that?:

Back 261

the power of the ruler was absolute but derived from an implicit contract with the governed.

Front 262

Peter the Great's "Europeanization" of Russia consisted primarily of?:

Back 262

importing Western technocrats and technology to his country.

Front 263

Between the 16c and 17c, peasants in Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, and Russia?:

Back 263

were granted democratic control over village life.

Front 264

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was?:

Back 264

the subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy.

Front 265

In what way was political life in the Netherlands unique in Europe in the 17c and 18c?:

Back 265

the Netherlands was a republic with a decentralized government.

Front 266

A significant feature of English society in the 16c and 17c was the?:

Back 266

growing wealth of the country genrty and middle-class businessmen.

Front 267

Colbert's contributions to the economy of France included the creation of a national bank. True or False?

Back 267

False

Front 268

The overall practical purpose of the court of Versailles was to?:

Back 268

exclude the high nobility and royal princes from real power.

Front 269

During the English Revolution, the Levellers advocated the idea that?:

Back 269

all men should have the vote regardless of whether they own property.

Front 270

The cabinet system in England is based upon the view that government leadership must?:

Back 270

be elected to and supported by a majority of Parliament.

Front 271

Jacques Bossuet was the seventeenth century's most articulate?:

Back 271

advocate of the absolute, divinely ordained right of kings.

Front 272

Which of the following exerted the most influence on Italy in the eighteenth century?:

Back 272

Austrians.

Front 273

The War of the Spanish Succession began when Charles II of Spain left his territories to?:

Back 273

the French heir.

Front 274

Ivan III was responsible for the?:

Back 274

military campaigns that freed much of Russia from the Mongols.

Front 275

The Siege of Vienna in 1683 was undertaken by?:

Back 275

The Turks

Front 276

During the 16th century the main reason for the increase in power of the English monarch was the?:

Back 276

ability of the Tudor monarchs.

Front 277

In the 18c, the principal economic activity of the Netherlands was?:

Back 277

banking and finance.

Front 278

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke disagreed over the theory that?:

Back 278

the only alternative to social chaos is absolute monarchy.

Front 279

The Pragmatic Sanction (1713) stated that the Hapsburg possessions?:

Back 279

could never be divided.

Front 280

I was called "the wisest fool in Christendom" for my inability to learn from the mistakes of my ancestors in relation to divine right monarchy.

Back 280

James I

Front 281

I argued that while religion was important, the state is above everything, and that religion is a mere instrument to promote the policies of the state.

Back 281

Cardinal Richelieu

Front 282

One of the most significant acts of Henry IV's reign, it ended a bitter civil war by guaranteeing religious freedom for the Huguenots.

Back 282

Edict of Nantes

Front 283

I gained vast territory for Russia to the Baltic Sea in the north, to the Black Sea in he south, and to the Far East. Probably my greatest contribution was the Westernization of Russia.

Back 283

Peter the Great

Front 284

A ruler who tried to advance society by fostering education, aiding the economy, and promoting social justice, but in reality was initiating these reforms to create a more efficient and manageable state.

Back 284

Enlightened Despot

Front 285

I made Prussia a great power in Europe and called myself the "first servant of the state."

Back 285

Frederick the Great

Front 286

Created in 1563, they were regulations on how the church and state worked together in England. They were vague enough to accommodate most of the religious in England except Puritanism.

Back 286

Thirty-nine Articles

Front 287

Referred to as "the dagger pointing at the heart of England."

Back 287

Spanish Netherlands

Front 288

The old nobility in France during the 17c, they were also referred to as the noblesse d'épeé.

Back 288

Ancien Riche

Front 289

I was a German who succeeded to the throne after the assassination of my husband, Czar Peter III, was a patron of many of the French philosophes and considered myself an enlightened despot.

Back 289

Catherine the Great

Front 290

This was created in 1648 when Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scots at the Battle of Preston and helped purge the Presbyterians from Parliament. They were also responsible for voting to behead Kind Charles I for treason.

Back 290

Rump Parliament

Front 291

What were the main ideas of and effects resulting from lay investiture?

Back 291

The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Gregorian Papacy concerning who would control appointments of church officials.

Front 292

Sola Gratia, Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura

Back 292

Only Grace, Only Faight, Only Scripture

Front 293

Martin Luther advocated for which two sacraments?

Back 293

Baptism and communion

Front 294

Calvinism rejected transubstantiation. True or False?

Back 294

True

Front 295

What were the 3 characteristics of the Act of Uniformity by Queen Elizabeth I?

Back 295

Church of England under state control. Doctrines approved by parliament and monarchy. All England required to belong to the Church of England.

Front 296

Who were recusants?

Back 296

Those that did not comply with the Church of England.

Front 297

The only reform of the Council of Trent was?

Back 297

Go to seminary.

Front 298

Pope Paul III, The "Reformer Pope" accomplished what two important feats for the Roman Catholic Church?

Back 298

Established Holy Office and the Council of Trent.

Front 299

What were the three G's of the Age of European Exploration and Colonization?

Back 299

God, Gold, and Glory

Front 300

What did Da Gama accomplish for European exploration?

Back 300

Vasco Da Gama found a water route to Indian in 1498, this was going around Africa and teh profit from this voyage was 600 times the invesntment.

Front 301

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 created what?

Back 301

The Line of Demarcation which split the new world into possessions of the Spanish and Portugal Empires.

Front 302

The Englishman, Edmund Burke, in regard to balance of power thought that:

Back 302

All weak powers should be dominated to prevent an unbalance of power, such as in the case of Poland during the Partitions of Poland.

Front 303

This was a reaction to the rationalism and deism of the Englightenment. It celebrated the "genius"(and produced artistic rebels). It loved mystery, the unknown, emotion, heroes and nostalgic history.

Back 303

Romanticism

Front 304

This was a reaction to liberalism and the violence of the Revolution.

Back 304

Conservatism

Front 305

This wanted to abolish the old order and at its root was a demand for universal suffrage.

Back 305

Radicalism

Front 306

This was promoted by secret societies such as the Carbonari and Young Italy. It emphasized folklore, popular heroes and volksgeist. It believed the governing authority should be the same nationality as the governed.

Back 306

Nationalism

Front 307

This saw the economic system as "aimless and unjust." Looked to Robert Owen's model factory with hope.

Back 307

Socialism

Front 308

This advocated increased education adn political rights for women.

Back 308

Feminism

Front 309

What were the two most important details of the Reform Bill of 1832?

Back 309

Redistricting boroughs and more suffrage for males.

Front 310

After 1832 Whigs were known as? Tories were known as?

Back 310

Whigs were known as the Liberal Party and Tories were known as the Conservative Party in Great Britain.

Front 311

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as?:

Back 311

the geocentric theory.

Front 312

Tycho Brahe did what?:

Back 312

recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built in Denmark.

Front 313

Sir Francis Bacon's contribution to philosophy, Novum Organum, was based upon?:

Back 313

glorifying inductive reasoning.

Front 314

Galileo's ideas on motion included?:

Back 314

the principle of inertia.

Front 315

What did the Scientific Revolution do for the view of women?

Back 315

challenged the idea that women were inferior to men.

Front 316

As a result of the scientific theories developed through the 16c and 17, Europeans developed a conception of the universe?:

Back 316

as governed by natural laws.

Front 317

Spinoza differed with all other philosophers of his day about the?:

Back 317

divinity of the material universe.(Spinoza argued that God and Nature were two names for the same reality, namely the single substance (meaning "to stand beneath" rather than "matter") that underlies the universe and of which all lesser "entities" are actually modes or modifications, that all things are determined by Nature to exist and cause effects, and that the complex chain of cause and effect are only understood in part.)

Front 318

Descartes' idea was that the world consists of two fundamental entities or substances, which we can call?:

Back 318

the physical and the spiritual.

Front 319

Medieval science was primarily based on?:

Back 319

a blending of Christian theology and the writings of classical authors.

Front 320

In De humani corporis fabrica, Andrea Vesalius?:

Back 320

created a modern anatomy text.

Front 321

This belief emphasizes that human reason can uncover the mysteries and laws of the universe. It was the dominant philosophy during the Scientific Revolution.

Back 321

Rationalism

Front 322

I defended Aristotle's theory of the earth being surrounded by numerous clear spheres.

Back 322

Ptolemy

Front 323

I developed the theory of two types of blood, one type that is bright red and the other that is dark red.

Back 323

Galen

Front 324

I think therefore I am.

Back 324

Descartes

Front 325

He rejected Galen's view on human blood in his work On the Fabric of the Human Body.

Back 325

Vesalius

Front 326

Descartes' belief that all existence was divided into the spiritual and material.

Back 326

Cartesian Dualism

Front 327

This famous mathematician developed the science of probability.

Back 327

Pascal

Front 328

A philosophy developed by John Locke which states that all knowledge of matters of fact is based on, or derived from, experience.

Back 328

Empiricism

Front 329

Descartes' way of understanding the universe was summed up in this belief, which states that a conclusion can be deduced by a set of premises, and not from scientific observation.

Back 329

Deductive reasoning

Front 330

This astronomer theorized that the moon and sun orbited the Earth and the remaining planets orbited the sun.

Back 330

Tycho Brahe

Front 331

This English philosopher introduced an inductive method of discovering the truths of the universe through observation and experimentation to conclusions and generalizations.

Back 331

Bacon

Front 332

I solved the question of how blood circulates by theorizing that the heart operates like a mechanical pump.

Back 332

William Harvey

Front 333

An Italian monk who concluded that the universe was infinite size and that the Earth, sun, and planets were all moving constantly within it.

Back 333

Giordano Bruno

Front 334

In Galileo's Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World this philosophy was introduced which states that corresponding causes produce corresponding affects throughout the universe.

Back 334

Doctrine of Uniformity

Front 335

From the European perspective, the principal outcome of the Seven Years' War was the?:

Back 335

subsequent struggle between Prussia and Austria for hegemony in Central Europe.

Front 336

How did British mercantilist policies eventually affect Dutch trade?

Back 336

It caused a serious decline of Dutch shipping and commerce.

Front 337

A period of proto-industrialization during the 1600s and 1700s preceded the Industrial Revolution. True or False?

Back 337

True

Front 338

India eventually came under the control of the British crown because of?:

Back 338

the financial and administrative successes of the British East India Company.

Front 339

Jethro Tull's discoveries were part of a general movement to?:

Back 339

apply the principles of scientific experiment to agricultural practices.

(Before Tull's seed drill was introduced, seeds were sown simply by being cast upon the ground, to germinate (or fail to germinate) where they landed. The seed drill significantly improved this process, by creating a hole of specific depth, dropping in a seed, and covering it over, three rows at a time. The result was an increased rate of germination, and a much-improved crop yield.)

Front 340

The agricultural improvements of the mid-18c were based on the elimination of?:

Back 340

the open-field system.

Front 341

Proto-Industrialization refers to?:

Back 341

the employment of laborers who worked at home but in a capitalist system dependent on urban merchants.

Front 342

What was the nature of trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17c ad early 18c?:

Back 342

western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods.

Front 343

Adam Smith's phrase "invisible hand" referred to which of the following?:

Back 343

the automatic mechanism of a free economy.

Front 344

Rousseau's conception of the General Will meant?:

Back 344

a vague common "interest" but not necessarily majority rule.

(General will is what the body politic (community of citizens) would unanimously do if they were selecting general laws and were choosing/voting with full information, good reasoning, unclouded judgment (bias and emotion can cloud judgment), public spirit, and attempting to discern the common good.)

Front 345

Voltaire's famous polemic slogan, Crush the infamous thing!, referred to?:

Back 345

religious bigotry as supported by an organized clergy.

Front 346

In general, the 18c philosophes were?:

Back 346

popularizers of the scientific and intellectual discoveries of the 17c.

Front 347

Thinkers of the Enlightenment considered humanity as?:

Back 347

a link in the rationally ordered chain of beings.

Front 348

Enlightenment philosophes argued that women and men...

Back 348

were different and operated in separate spheres.

Front 349

Maria Theresa can be labeled an "Enlightened Despot" because she?:

Back 349

introduced many legal reforms in the Habsburg Empire.

Front 350

David Hume argued that human beings?:

Back 350

did not have any certain knowlede at birth.

Front 351

For Rousseau, what was the main source of inequality and the chief cause of crime?:

Back 351

private property.

Front 352

The most important contribution Catherine the Great made early in her reign was the?:

Back 352

establishment of a legislative commission to review the laws of Russia.

Front 353

Many 18c philosophes believed that governmental reform would be accomplished by?:

Back 353

benevolent absolutist monarchs.

Front 354

The ideas of the Enlightenment challenged the long-term assumptions about sovereignty and instead proposed that?:

Back 354

governments are bound to the will of the people

Front 355

Rousseau's most important concept in The Social Contract was that?:

Back 355

government must be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by the accident of history or inheritance.

Front 356

A British philosopher, whose ideas on natural law was adopted to create the Declaration of Independence.

Back 356

John Locke

Front 357

After referred to as the "informal international community of philosophes." These publications included the work of such philosophes as Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Diderot.

Back 357

The Republic of Letters

Front 358

This 18c philosopher said, "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence." This became the motto of the Enlightenment.

Back 358

Immanuel Kant

Front 359

In "On Crime and Punishment", I stated that we are innocent until convicted, that the punishment should fit the crime.

Back 359

Caesare Beccaria

Front 360

His graphic works portrayed the everyday life in London. His most famous sketch "Gin Lane" portrayed the effects of alcohol on the poor in 18c England.

Back 360

William Hogarth

Front 361

They believed that the primary role of government was to protect the property and to permit its owners to use it freely. They particularly felt economic production depended on sound agriculture.

Back 361

physiocrats

Front 362

This new artistic style of the 18c used elements drawn from nature such as birds and flowers to replace religious objects in art.

Back 362

rococo

Front 363

I based my writing on the belief that human nature, which was originally good was corrupted by society.

Back 363

Rousseau

Front 364

Influenced by Montesquieu's "Spirit of Laws" this 18c ruler established the Charter of Nobility of 1785 which gave nobility security of their property, the right to hold serfs and the immunity from arrest.

Back 364

Catherine the Great

Front 365

18c British nobility differed from 18c French nobility in that?:

Back 365

the English aristocracy accepted the social and political responsibilities of their position and participated more directly in running their government.

Front 366

In the 18c, Europe's largest city was?:

Back 366

London.

Front 367

Peasant life in 18c Europe was characterized by?:

Back 367

vulnerability to rising taxes and rents.

Front 368

The artistic movement that replaced the Baroque during the Enlightenment was?:

Back 368

Rococo

(The Rococo style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style. In contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, the Rococo style was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Rococo motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures; they also revolve heavily around nature and exterior settings. In the mid-late 18th century, Rococo was largely supplanted by the Neoclassic style.)

Front 369

What were the features of Baroque when speaking of art and music?

Back 369

In the arts, Baroque is a period as well as the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music.

In music, the Baroque applies to the final period of dominance of imitative counterpoint, where different voices and instruments echo each other but at different pitches, sometimes inverting the echo, and even reversing thematic material.

Front 370

In 18c England, the greatest threat to the economic security of small farmers was?:

Back 370

the Enclosure Movement.

Front 371

Economic and social life among the mass of people under the Ancien Regime of the 18c still primarily focused around?:

Back 371

the harvest.

Front 372

The European lower classes reacted to the Enlightenment by?:

Back 372

seeking comfort in grass-roots religious revival movements.

Front 373

Describe the attitude toward children in the first part of the 18c.:

Back 373

they were ignored, often brutalized, and often unloved.

Front 374

Who were the first to initiate a political campaign to abolish slavery?:

Back 374

Quakers and Baptists.

(The Religious Society of Friends (commonly known as Quakers) was founded in England in the 17th century as a Christian religious denomination by people who were dissatisfied with the existing denominations and sects of Christianity. Traditionally George Fox has been credited as the founder or the most important early figure. The Society of Friends is counted among the historic peace churches.)

Front 375

Describe Europe's social order durign the 18th century.:

Back 375

peasants were still hindered by a variety of feudal services and fees imposed by the powerful aristocracy.

Front 376

European efforts to deal with crime after 1700 consisted of what?:

Back 376

employed public displays of punishment for the purpose of deterrence.

Front 377

During the Ancien Regime, European Jews?:

Back 377

were separated from non-Jews in districts called ghettos.

Front 378

The principal French tax, the taille, was paid by?:

Back 378

the peasantry almost exclusively.

Front 379

Recent challenges to the traditional explanation of the origins of the French Revolution have centered on the fact that the?:

Back 379

nobility and upper bourgeoisie were not necessarily pitted against each other.

Front 380

An English statesman whose criticism of the French Revolution and other writings have earned him a reputation as a spokesman for conservatism was?:

Back 380

Edmund Burke.

Front 381

During the era of the French Revolution, the Thermidorean Reaction?:

Back 381

terminated the Reign of Terror and led to the execution of Robespierre.

Front 382

During the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety sought to establish a separation between state and religion. True or False?

Back 382

False

Front 383

The legislators of the French Revolution enacted a law granting the right to vote to women who owned a sufficient amount of property. True or False?

Back 383

False

Front 384

The new Republican calendar of 1793?:

Back 384

was part of an effort at dechristianization.

Front 385

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed security of property. True or False?:

Back 385

True

Front 386

The cahiers de doleances of 1789 generally demanded?:

Back 386

government reforms.

Front 387

For the French peasants, the Revolution of 1789 meant?:

Back 387

greater landownership.

Front 388

Abbe Sieyes's answer to the question "What is the Third Estate?" was

Back 388

the most useful component of French society.

Front 389

The men elected to represent the third estate in the Estates General were primarily?:

Back 389

lawyers and government officials.

Front 390

Written in the midst of the French Revolution, the 1793 Constitution?:

Back 390

reflected the vision of Rousseau's social contract.

Front 391

Louis XVI responded to the Tennis Court Oath by?:

Back 391

declaring the actions of the third estate illegal.

Front 392

Which of the following groups in France were most opposed to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?:

deists.
bourgeoisie.
Jacobins.
peasants.
liberal aristocrats.

Back 392

peasants.

Front 393

Lettres de cachet were a means by which the French king could?:

Back 393

imprison anyone without benefit of a trial.

Front 394

The political views of the Girondists were?:

Back 394

more moderate than the view of other Jacobins.

Front 395

According to the rules of the French Constitution of 1791, "active citizens" were defined as?:

Back 395

men who paid annual taxes equal to three days of labor wages.

Front 396

The conservative government that came to power after the Thermidorean Reaction?:

Back 396

restored social stability without sacrificing the ideals of 1789.

Front 397

July 14, 1789.

Back 397

The Fall of the Bastille

Front 398

This Finance Minister who was repeatedly dismissed by King Louis XVI.

Back 398

Necker

Front 399

This legislative body ruled France during the First French Republic.

Back 399

Legislative Assembly

Front 400

This social class supported Robespierre and the Jacobins.

Back 400

Sans-culottes

Front 401

The conservative response to the French Revolution?

Back 401

Thermidorean Reaction

Front 402

The ideals established during the French Revolution?

Back 402

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
"Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood)"

Front 403

The purpose of the August 4th Laws.

Back 403

to abolish slavery

Front 404

I responded to a warning to curb my spending in light of the poverty of the peasants of France with the phrase: "Let them eat cake!"

Back 404

Marie Antoinette

Front 405

This piece of legislation made those who pledged swear allegiance to the state above all other political, religious, or social obligations.

Back 405

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Front 406

Under the Napoleonic Code, workers received?:

Back 406

no specific rights or guarantees.

Front 407

A lasting effect of the Napoleonic occupation of Europe was the?:

Back 407

stimulation of national feeling in the subject lands.

Front 408

Although the French Revolution had abolished slavery, Napoleon?:

Back 408

decided to reinstate it and ordered the invasion of Haiti and capture of Toussaint-Louverture.

Front 409

Why is it significant that Napoleon crowned himself as emperor of the First French Empire in 1804?:

Back 409

it was a symbolic gesture to show his independence.

Front 410

What was the direct cause of the rebellions in Latin America in the first part of the 19c?:

Back 410

Napoleon's invasion of Spain.

Front 411

Napoleon joined the Jacobins shortly after the French Revolution. True or False?

Back 411

True

Front 412

Napoleon's conquest of Spain doomed its American empire by?:

Back 412

allowing the colonies to govern themselves for six years.

Front 413

How did Napoleon deal with the Holy Roman Empire?:

Back 413

he replaced the empire with the Confederation of the Rhine.

Front 414

After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era, France?:

Back 414

was divided into departments rather than provinces.

Front 415

Which country was NOT ruled by a member of the Bonaparte family during the first decade of the 19c?:

Holland.
Westphalia.
Poland.
Spain.
Prussia.

Back 415

Prussia.

Front 416

An executive group consisting of talented and meritorious people from the French population, for their service to the nation.

Back 416

Legion of Honor

Front 417

The French legal system enacted in 1804 containing the details for French civil , commercial, and criminal war.

Back 417

Napoleonic Code

Front 418

A series of laws to help supervise the rights of other religions in France besides Catholicism.

Back 418

Organic Articles

Front 419

I depicted the cruelty of the French in their attacks on Spanish citizens in my paintings.

Back 419

Goya

Front 420

This finalized the exile of Napoleon to a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy where Napoleon would be emperor of Elba alone.

Back 420

Treaty of Fontainebleau

Front 421

This was the result of Napoleon's growing frustrations with the inefficiency of the Continental system and his growing interests in the Mediterranean region.

Back 421

1812 Invasion of Russia

Front 422

Composed of 16 German states who excepted French presence in southern Germany, and promised to support Napoleon if war broke out. It also ended the Holy Roman Empire.

Back 422

Confederation of the Rhine

Front 423

Leader of the English fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar, he died in the battle but the success of his fleet was one of history's most decisive victories.

Back 423

Nelson Horatio

Front 424

State secondary schools, intended to give it's students technical training and to produce loyal military officers and government officials from the graduates.

Back 424

Lycees

Front 425

Napoleon's escape from Elba back to France where he is reunited with his old army am marches through southern France.

Back 425

100 days, Cent Jours

Front 426

Former slave whom aided in the independence of Haiti from the French.

Back 426

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Front 427

The conclusions of Malthus and Ricardo relative to economic affairs suggested that?:

Back 427

liberals were right to reject government interference in economic affairs because it could do no good.

Front 428

Robert Owen's only success was the?:

Back 428

organization of consumers' cooperatives.
(Robert Owen (14 May 1771, Newtown, Powys – 17 November 1858) was a Welsh utopian socialist and social reformer. He is considered the father of the cooperative movement.

Owen's socialistic philosophy was derived from three fundamental pillars of his thought. First, he believed that no one was "responsible for his will and his own actions" because "his whole character is formed independently of himself." Owen firmly believed that people were the product of their environment, which fueled his support for education and labor reform. His views made Owen a pioneer in the promotion of investment in human capital. Owen's second pillar was his opposition to religion. Owen felt that all religions were "based on the same absurd imagination" which he said made mankind "a weak, imbecile animal; a furious bigot and fanatic; or a miserable hypocrite." [However, he did embrace spiritualism towards the end of his life (O'Hara, 2006, p.75).] His third pillar said that he disliked the factory system, and supported the cottage system.)

Front 429

In England, the Factory Act of 1833 clearly?:

Back 429

forbade work for girls under 18 years of age.

Front 430

The New Poor Law did which of the following?:

Back 430

established unpleasant workhouses in the hopes that only the truly needy would seek public assistance.

Front 431

Classical liberals supported universal manhood suffrage. True or False?

Back 431

False

Front 432

During the century following 1832, the MAIN objective of the Reform Acts passed by the British Parliament was the?:

Back 432

extension of suffrage.

Front 433

The group that gained most political power as a result of the Reform Bill of 1832 was the?:

Back 433

middle-class people of the towns.

Front 434

This Scott, who originally made musical instruments, also was responsible for perhaps the most significant invention of the Industrial Revolution - the steam engine.

Back 434

Thomas Newcomen

Front 435

This limited labor by young children in Britain to an eight hour work day.

Back 435

The 1833 Factory Act

Front 436

Starting in the sixteenth century, Parliament passed acts that transformed open fields or communally owned land into privately owned, fenced-in fields that could be more intensely and profitably farmed by individual owners. This was known as ??

Back 436

Enclosure

Front 437

A movement of British workers that attempted to stop the Industrial Revolution through a campaign of destroying factory machines, which they blamed for unemployment.

Back 437

Luddites

Front 438

In 1815, the English Parliament established this to study factory conditions. They thoroughly interviewed workers to discover the trueevents of their work day.

Back 438

Stadler Commission

Front 439

This man published "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" in 1817. In it, he justified low pay and proposed the "iron law of wages," which said that if wages were left to the laws of supply and demand, they would fall to near subsistence level.

Back 439

David Ricardo

Front 440

This was the largest industrial city in all of Britain and the center of cotton manufacturing. One onserver once called it "The enterance to hell realized" and Elizabeth Gaskell wrote a book exposing the harsh reality of industrial life here.

Back 440

Manchester

Front 441

This, also known as the German Customs Union, removed many of the tariff barriers in the German states and made trade cheaper and easier.

Back 441

Zollverein

Front 442

This man was a factory owner that believed a person's character was formed by the effects of their environment. As a result, he refused to mistreat his employees like many of his colleagues. He published "The Formation of Character" and "A New View of Society" and his cooperative philosophy influenced several worker's movements and played an important role in establishing the Grand National Conslidated Trade Union in 1834.

Back 442

Robert Owen

Front 443

These forbid the formation of trade unions and worker's strikes in Britain. They were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Back 443

The Combination Acts

Front 444

English philosopher Herbert Spencer popularized this belief that theory of "survival of the fittest" should be applied to the marketplace and that concentration of wealth in the hands of the "fit" would benefit the human race.

Back 444

Social Darwinism

Front 445

In France, this encouraged business interests, kept taxes low, and sometimes maintained high tariffs that protected special interests, therefore not following the trend of laissez faire government.

Back 445

The July Monarchy

Front 446

Also known as domestic industry, this was the system in which merchant-manufacturers sought labor in the counrty side to produce goods. This was partially done to compete with the guilds.

Back 446

The putting-out system

Front 447

In the trade guilds that were popular at the beginning of the industrial Revolution, this was the beginning level, before craftsman and master.

Back 447

Journeyman

Front 448

The July Ordinances were repressive decrees issued by?:

Back 448

Charles X of France.

Front 449

Metternich may have been a brilliant statesman, but he was particularly misguided in?:

Back 449

thinking he could stop forces of nationalism and liberalism.

Front 450

In 1820, revolutionaries overthrew the governments of which two states?:

Back 450

Spain and Naples.

Front 451

The Burschenschaften was?:

Back 451

student societies in Germany who wanted to spread German nationalism.

Front 452

What became known as the "Eastern Question" in European affairs was actually a reflection of the?:

Back 452

weakness of the Ottoman Empire.

Front 453

The Decembrist Revolt of 1825?:

Back 453

was the first rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had specific political goals.

Front 454

All of the following are true of the Romantic movement in the early 19c EXCEPT?:

A) it sympathized with revolts against oppression.
B) it placed great emphasis upon the individual.
C) it called for social reform.
D) it instilled a reverence for nature.
E) it accepted the basic ideals of the Enlightenment philosophes.

Back 454

E) it accepted the basic ideals of the Enlightenment philosophes.

Front 455

Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russia under Nicholas I became?:

Back 455

a police state due to Nicholas's fear of revolution.

Front 456

Generally, the revolutions of 1848 resulted in?:

Back 456

the end of the age of romantic revolution.

Front 457

The Frankfurt Assembly failed because?:

Back 457

it did not resolve the contradictions between liberalism and nationalism in the building of a German state.

Front 458

The novelty of the "Concert of Europe" system was its recognition that?:

Back 458

war had become too dangerous a luxury for Europe to afford.

Front 459

The most important symbol of Romanticism became the?:

Back 459

isolated individual in heroic struggle.

Front 460

Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that?:

Back 460

the key to progress was proper social organization.

Front 461

The Protocol of Troppau?:

Back 461

permitted stable governments' intervention into countries experiencing revolution for the purpose of restoring order.

Front 462

Utopian socialism was built upon the idea that?:

Back 462

cooperative living might create a better environment for people.

Front 463

An agreement between five major countries, who would meet annually, in order to preserve the balance of power in 19c Europe and to join together to put down revolutionary movements that upset this balance.

Back 463

Concert of Europe

Front 464

I was the British Foreign Minister at the Congress of Vienna. I despised people like Robespierre and Napoleon who disrupted the balance of power in Europe.

Back 464

Lord Castlereigh

Front 465

The most fanatical enemies of the Revolution, who launched the "White Terror" against the supporters of Napoleon.

Back 465

ULtra-Royalists

Front 466

I was the British writer who argued that monarchical stability and noble privilege were inseparable and were necessary components of a strong society.

Back 466

Edmund Burke

Front 467

This next one is important to know :p.

Back 467

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), also known as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, author, and statesman. During his lifetime he earned a reputation as a leading humanist scholar and occupied many public offices, including that of Lord Chancellor from 1529 to 1532. More coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in a book published in 1516. He is chiefly remembered for his principled refusal to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be supreme head of the Church of England, a decision which ended his political career and led to his execution as a traitor.

Front 468

Repressive legislature passed in response to the revolutionary stirrings in 19c Europe that banned demonstrations, suspended the writ of habeas corpus and restricted the press.

Back 468

Six Acts

Front 469

Passed by Louis XVIII, it recognized equality before the law, accepted the Napoleanic Code, granted freedom of the press and established The Chamber of Deputies and The Chamber of Peers.

Back 469

Charter of 1814

Front 470

A series of repressive measures unanimously accepted by the Diet of the German Confederation in 1819, which severely limited the press and dissolved all student fraternities.

Back 470

Carlsbad Decrees

Front 471

Five decrees passed in 19c France that dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies, muzzled the press and increased the amount of political power in the hands of the wealthiest property holders.

Back 471

July Ordinances

Front 472

I made the close connection between the development of German nationalism and the reverence for a strong state that characterized some German liberal thought.

Back 472

George Hegel

Front 473

I was known as the "heart" of the struggle to unify the Italian states into one nation and I was also the founder of a society of young men called "Young Italy."

Back 473

Giuseppe Mazzini

Front 474

Note the following, important.

Back 474

Johann Gottfried von Herder (August 25, 1744 – December 18, 1803), German poet, critic, theologian, and philosopher, is best known for his influence on authors such as Goethe and the role he played in the development of the larger cultural movement known as romanticism. Herder replaced the traditional concept of a juridico-political state with that of the "folk-nation" as organic in its historical growth, thus creating the Romantic nationalist school. Every nation was in this manner organic and whole, nationality a plant of nurture. He talked of the "national animal" and of the "physiology of the whole national group" , which organism was topped by the "national spirit", the "soul of the people" (Volksgeist).

Front 475

The disestablishment of the Church of Ireland and the passage of laws to protect the Irish tenant farmer occurred during the first ministry of?:

Back 475

William Gladstone.

Front 476

Bismarck's Kulturkampf represented an effort to?:

Back 476

weaken the political influence of the Catholic Church in Germany.

Front 477

The unification of Italy was primarily due to?:

Back 477

the success of Cavour and Garibaldi together with the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

Front 478

The Risorgimento was the name of?:

Back 478

the movement to unify Italy.

Front 479

Count Camillo Cavour hoped to unify Italy by means of?:

Back 479

a military alliance with France against Austria.

Front 480

The Catholic Emancipation Act allowed Roman Catholics in England?:

Back 480

to hold public office.

Front 481

Under the terms of the Act of Union of 1801?:

Back 481

Ireland lost its own legislature and instead sent representatives to London.

Front 482

The Compromise of 1867 transformed the Habsburg Empire into?:

Back 482

a Dual Monarchy.

Front 483

By the Treaty of Frankfurt, France?:

Back 483

lost Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.

Front 484

The long-term goal of the Paris Commune was the?:

Back 484

creation of Paris as an autonomous commune separate from France.

Front 485

After the publication of Theodor Herzl's book The Jewish State?:

Back 485

a Zionist Congress proclaimed its aim to create that state in Palestine.

Front 486

The Concert of Europe was shattered as a result of?:

Back 486

the events of the Crimean War.

Front 487

The nationalists of the first half of the nineteenth century were often?:

Back 487

liberals attempting to overthrow tyrannical regimes.

Front 488

One of the most important barriers to the initialization of Italian unification.

Back 488

the papacy

Front 489

This person's drive for unification was based on the belief that it would provide for a common purpose, making the Italians worthy of democracy.

Back 489

Giuseppe Mazzini

Front 490

July 1838, Cavour secretly met with him at Plombieres to discuss a war between Austria and Piedmont-Sardinia.

Back 490

Napoleon III

Front 491

This Italian republican revolutionary's claim to power was a result of the support received by Sicilians.

Back 491

Garibaldi

Front 492

This secret society under Mazzini believed work by Italians themselves would bring about unification of Italy.

Back 492

Young Italy

Front 493

This army under Garibaldi helped to overtake Naples and end papal resistance.

Back 493

Red Shirts

Front 494

The Treaty of Vienna established a union between these two duchies under the administration of Prussia and Austria.

Back 494

Schelswig-Holstein, in Denmark

Front 495

This person emerged as the leader of Hungarian liberals and saw Hungary's partnership with Austria as an obsatcle to liberal reform.

Back 495

Kossuth

Front 496

Bismark assured Napoleon III compensation in this land if he promised to stay out of an Austro-Prussian War.

Back 496

Rhineland

Front 497

As a result of this treaty, Austria was eliminated as a dominant threat to the German states; the German Confederation was dissloved.

Back 497

Treaty of Prague

Front 498

One of the most obvious differences between realistic and romantic writers was the fact that?:

Back 498

realists rejected poetry as a proper way of expressing the real world and preferred the novel instead.

Front 499

Nietzsche's criticism of Christianity was aimed primarily at?:

Back 499

Christian morality, which he believed was repressive and fit only for slaves.

Front 500

The "demographic transition" that took place between 1870 and 1914 involved?:

Back 500

a huge migration of Europeans to the United States, South America, and Australia

Front 501

Emmeline Pankhurst was noted for her?:

Back 501

militant advocacy of women's suffrage.

Front 502

By 1900, the leading industrial power in Europe was?:

Back 502

Germany.

Front 503

Sigmund Freud believed that the way to solve the conflicts of his psychologically disturbed patients was to?:

Back 503

trace repression back to its childhood origins.

Front 504

The positivists believed that?:

Back 504

general rules of social behavior can be derived from the examination of empirical data.

Front 505

What view of Fabian socialists differed from orthodox Marxism?:

Back 505

democracy could lead to socialism, revolution was not necessary.

Front 506

This English philosopher was a forceful proponent in the fight for government intervention in social reform.

Back 506

John Stuart Mill

(John Stuart Mill (20th May 1806 – 8th May 1873), was a British philosopher, political economist and Member of Parliament, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an advocate of utilitarianism, the ethical theory that was systemized by his godfather, Jeremy Bentham, but adapted to German romanticism.)

Front 507

This realist author wrote about the real life experiences of the people of his time, rather than focusing on romantic ideals and heroes.

Back 507

Charles Dickens

Front 508

This utilitarian believed that laws should be judged based on social use or whether or not the laws provided "the greatest good for the greatest number of people."

Back 508

Jeremy Bentham

Front 509

This conservative thinker believed in ordered change and criticized misgovernment and corruption through his literary works.

Back 509

Edmund Burke

Front 510

This artist used bright, light colors on large canvases and began to paint the impression he received from the scene he was observing.

Back 510

Claude Monet

Front 511

uring the Romantic Period, this musician helped to make folk songs part of musical expression.

Back 511

Franz Schubert

Front 512

This scientist reasoned that society could be studied in a scientific manner. His positivism helped students of society understand the laws of social development.

Back 512

Auguste Comte

Front 513

A belief that humanity was capable of improving itself through faith in science and gradual progress.

Back 513

Liberalism

Front 514

This social scientist used the term "survival of the fittest" to describe his belief that nations must struggle to survive.

Back 514

Herbert Spencer (created Social Darwinism)

Front 515

This French socialist was disillusioned by the failure of the socialist revolts in 1848.

Back 515

Louis Blanc

Front 516

The artists of this movement painted what they saw at first glance and they attempted to capture visual sensations such as the way sunlight falls on inanimate objects.

Back 516

Impressionism

Front 517

The necessity of having a nation-state and the superiority of the German Volkgeist were all part of this nationalists views.

Back 517

Johann Fichte

Front 518

The rule of the British East India Company in India was terminated as a result of?:

Back 518

the Sepoy Mutiny.

Front 519

Great Britain exported opium to China in order to?:

Back 519

find a means of paying for imports from China.

Front 520

In arguing for the positive effects of her imperialist rule in India, Britain could point to all of the following EXCEPT?:

A) a competant civil service which generally served well in India.
B) an increase in education including instruction in English.
C) eradication of discrimination based on caste.
D) development of the Indian infrastructure.
E) control of hostilities among diverse Indian religious groups.

Back 520

C) eradication of discrimination based on caste.

Front 521

Which of the following is the BEST reason for the beginnings of late 19c imperialism?:

A) the need to develop manufacturing in non-industrialized nations.
B) the global competition of European nations for claims to less developed areas.
C) missionary activities to proselytize and convert the heathens.
D) the acquisition of territories promising strategic benefit.
E) national security and the need for an international balance of power.

Back 521

E) national security and the need for an international balance of power.

Front 522

A unique feature of the "new imperialism" was the?:

Back 522

establishment of direct political control over colonies through elaborate imperial bureaucracies.

Front 523

Which of the following did NOT occur at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?:

A) It was determined that nations claiming territories in Africa would have to demonstrate the creation of a real presence calculated to produce economic development.
B) The Congo was yielded to Leopold of Belgium as the Congo Free State.
C) The conference laid the ground rules for all further acquisitions in Africa.
D) The conference divided all of Africa among the major European powers.
E) The conference organized and structured the terms under which Africa would fall to European nations.

Back 523

D) The conference divided all of Africa among the major European powers.

Front 524

One striking difference between the British and the French imperial models in Africa is that?:

Back 524

the British preferred to use local institutions to control subject populations.

Front 525

What statement can be used to described the internal economies of the European colonies?:

Back 525

colonial economies were steadily reduced to dependence on the European-dominated global market.

Front 526

The suppression of a secret anti-foreign society, that killed Europeans in China, by an expeditionary force composed of British, Russian, German, French, Japanese, and American forces.

Back 526

Boxer Rebellion

Front 527

Summoned by Otto von Bismarck, this conference set guidelines for the partitioning of the "Dark Continent" and established the definition of "effective occupation."

Back 527

Congress of Berlin 1885

Front 528

Provisions following the Opium War that include Chinese payment of war costs to Britain, the opening of Chinese ports to British trade and the island of Hong Kong given to the British.

Back 528

Treaty of Nanking

Front 529

Use of pig fat to grease rifle cartridges that was against the religious beliefs of Indian troops in the British army, resulted in British suppression of the revolt as well as the end of the rule of the East India Company and establishment of direct rule in India.

Back 529

Sepoy Rebellion

Front 530

A geographer, missionary, and explorer who discovered Victoria Falls and was found by American journalist, Henry Stanley.

Back 530

David Livingstone

Front 531

A rivalry between Britain and France over control of territory in Africa almost erupted into war until the French recognized British and Egyptian claims to the Nile Basin while Britain recognized French control in West Africa.

Back 531

Fashoda Affair

Front 532

Conflict between China and Britain from 1840-1842 that occurred after increasing addiction led to China to outlaw Britain's drug trade.

Back 532

Opium War

Front 533

A financier, entrepreneurial and adventurer, and prime minister of the Cape Colony who envisioned a railroad that would connect all of the east coast

Back 533

Cecil Rhodes

Front 534

One of the most dangerous outcomes of the Bosnian crisis was that?:

Back 534

Russia and Serbia were humiliated, encouraging them to more reckless and belligerent actions in the future.

Front 535

At the Paris Peace Conference, the two major powers NOT represented were?:

Back 535

Germany and Russia.

Front 536

Which European state existed in 1919, but NOT in 1914?:

Back 536

Poland.

Front 537

As public morale weakened in the later stages of the war?:

Back 537

police powers were expanded to include the arrest of dissenters as traitors.

Front 538

On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany corresponded with Nicholas II of Russia in what manner?:

Back 538

attempted to engage Nicholas II in a diplomatic dislogue to avoid war if at all possible.

Front 539

The most visible effect of World War I on European working habits was?:

Back 539

an end to unemployment.

Front 540

Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty?:

Back 540

contained the war guilt clause blaming Germany for World War I.

Front 541

The British won a major propaganda victory at the start of the First World War because of?:

Back 541

German atrocities in Belgium.

Front 542

The mandate system, created by the League of Nations, was a form of colonialism where the colonial rulers were?:

Back 542

accountable for the well-being of the inhabitants with the ultimate goal of teaching them how to rule themselves.

Front 543

This early 20th Century alliance included the European countries of France, Great Britain and Russia.

Back 543

Triple Entente

Front 544

This alliance of late 19th Century European countries included Germany and Austria.

Back 544

Triple Alliance

Front 545

I assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne on June 28, 1914.

Back 545

Gavrilo Princip

Front 546

As British Under-Secretary of the Admiralty, I authorized an attack on Turkey which was such a disaster that it almost cost me my entire political career.

Back 546

Winston Churchill

Front 547

After being invaded twice, in 1870 and 1914, I wanted to ensure that Germany would never again be a threat to my country.

Back 547

Georges Clemenceau

Front 548

This country along with Austia-Hungary signed an armistice on December 15, 1917 which terminated their effort in World War I.

Back 548

Russia

Front 549

This battle took place in France from July to November 1916 during which a million casualties were sustained by both sides.

Back 549

Battle of the Somme

Front 550

This rigid airship was used for air raids by Germany during World War I.

Back 550

Zeppelin

Front 551

This event took place between France and Germany from February to December 1916 which resulted in nearly 700,000 casualties.

Back 551

Battle of Verdun

Front 552

Which of the following best describes the wartime Russian government?:

A) Holy man Rasputin ran the bureaucracy efficiently.
B) The Tsarina Alexandra kept Nicholas ignorant of domestic problems.
C) The general population was largely supportive of the war.
D) Newer weapons kept Russian losses to a minimum.
E) Numerous reforms kept the peasants happy.

Back 552

B) The Tsarina Alexandra kept Nicholas ignorant of domestic problems.

Front 553

After the Revolution of 1905 in Russia?:

Back 553

Russia at last adopted the Western model of representative assemblies and political parties.

Front 554

Stalin's policy in postwar Russia is best characterized as?:

Back 554

rapid industrialization and agricultural collectivism.

Front 555

Which of the following was the result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in 1918?:

Back 555

Russia lost one-third of her total area.

Front 556

Trotsky and Stalin's interpretations of Marxism differed most significantly in which of the following ways?:

Back 556

Trotsky wanted to foster world revolution while Stalin wanted "to build Socialism in one country.

Front 557

Which of the following was not part of Count Witte’s policy of industrialization?:

A) banking reform to encourage domestic savings and investment.
B) promotion of foreign investment in Russian industry.
C) construction of the trans-Siberian railroad.
D) protective tariffs to support emerging Russian industries.
E) nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel.

Back 557

E) nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel.

(Count Sergei Yulyevitch Witte (Russian: Сергей Юльевич Витте, Sergej Jul'evič Vitte) (June 29, 1849 – March 13, 1915), also known as Sergius Witte, was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He was also the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire. Witte served as Russian Director of Railway Affairs within the Finance Ministry from 1889 – 1891, Transportation Minister (1892), where he pursued an ambitious program of railway construction and oversaw the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway.)

Front 558

Lenin had to adapt pure Marxist ideology to the situation in Russia because?:

Back 558

the majority of the Russian population were peasants, and Marx said little about peasants' revolutionary potential.

Front 559

The Kronstadt Rebellion was caused by?:

Back 559

the economic disaster and social upheaval of the Russian Civil War.

Front 560

Which of the following is a uniquely Russian contribution to Marxist theory?:

Back 560

a communist revolution must be led by a party of professional revolutionaries.

Front 561

In Lenin's, "April Thesis," this Bolshevik slogan summed up the promise to take Russia out of World War I, to organize the seizure of peasant land, and to control industrial production by the workers.

Back 561

"Peace, land, and bread"

Front 562

The conservative socialist, "Minority," faction of the Social Democratic Party that supported a Democratic Revolution and Russia's continual participation in the war.

Back 562

Mensheviks

Front 563

A belief that the existing society and government must be destroyed so that a better society can be created.

Back 563

Nihilism

Front 564

The equivalent of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, under Stalin's leadership, that resulted in the massive killing of Russians through the aid of the secret police and slave labor camps known as gulags.

Back 564

Great Purge

Front 565

The slogan of the Menshevik leader, Alexander Kerensky.

Back 565

"Justice, Equality, and Liberty"

Front 566

Mussolini won support for his Fascists by promoting his party as a bulwark against?:

Back 566

Bolshevism

Front 567

Which of the following groups composed the "Popular Front" in France during the 1930s?:

Back 567

socialists and communists.

Front 568

The social group that was hit most severely by Germany's inflation in the 1920s was the?:

Back 568

middle class.

Front 569

Catholicism was recognized as the sole religion of Italy by the?:

Back 569

Lateran Accords

Front 570

All of the following are true of women in Mussolini's Italy EXCEPT?:

A) they were urged to have more children.
B) they were not allowed to join the work force.
C) they were discouraged from using contraception.
D) they were given subsidies if they had large families.
E) they were discouraged from participating in the work force.

Back 570

B) they were not allowed to join the work force.

Front 571

In the early 1920s, Germany's Weimar Republic was crippled by?:

A) the election of Adolf Hitler.
B) its close identification with fascist organizations.
C) the number of elderly people it had to subsidize.
D) a lack of political leadership.
E) the economic reversals of the Great Depression.

Back 571

D) a lack of political leadership.

Front 572

In seizing and maintaining power in the 20th century, Communists, Fascists, and Nazis all?:

Back 572

blamed their nations' troubles on scapegoats.

Front 573

Mussolini’s Fascist Party gained public support in post-war Italy by?:

A) working within the political system to elected to Parliament.
B) arguing that Italy had been slighted by the Allies at the Peace Conference.
C) taking advantage of labor unrest and directing violence against socialists.
D) appearing to align themselves with the rightful authority, the king.
E) all of these choices are correct.

Back 573

E) all of these choices are correct.

Front 574

Which of the following did NOT contribute to Mussolini's rise to power?:

A) support of strong wealthy landowners and industrialists.
B) nationalists demand that Italy should receive more territory from the Versailles Treaty.
C) a growing number of disgruntled World War I veterans.
D) peasant unrest in the countryside of Italy from 1919 to 1922.
E) severe unemployment after the war.

Back 574

D) peasant unrest in the countryside of Italy from 1919 to 1922.

Front 575

The fasces or bundle of rods with an ax was a symbol that Mussolini's party derived from?:

Back 575

ancient Rome.

Front 576

The program of the British Labor party in the post-World War I period may be described or characterized as?:

Back 576

Fabian socialist.

(The Fabian Society is a British socialist intellectual movement, whose purpose is to advance the socialist cause by gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning in the late 19th century and then up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party during this period; subsequently, it affected the policies of newly independent British colonies, especially India, and is still in existence today.)

Front 577

The European country hardest hit by unemployment during the Great Depression was?:

Back 577

Germany.

Front 578

The British economist John Maynard Keynes became famous during the depression of the 1930s because he?:

Back 578

argued that if private investment funds were idle, government funds must be employed to encourage economic activity and to increase purchasing power.

Front 579

The Spanish Civil War became an international issue because?:

Back 579

Italy and Germany sent troops and arms to fascists in Spain.

(It should be noted that the democratic governments of France and Great Britain refused to help the anti-fascists in the Spanish Civil War because of fear of going against their policy of appeasing Hitler.)

Front 580

France in the 1920s and 1930s?:

Back 580

experienced a time of political discord and military conservatism.

Front 581

The European economy was stirred by this League of Nations commission that extended the schedule for payment of German reparations.

Back 581

Dawes Plan

Front 582

These political parties were characterized by racism and xenophobia and had their origins in the anti-republican nationalism of the late 19th century.

Back 582

Fascist

Front 583

This authoritarian dictator became known as "Caudillo" when he came to power in 1939.

Back 583

General Francisco Franco

Front 584

Under this 1928 agreement the major powers of Europe renounced war as an intrument of national policy.

Back 584

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Front 585

When translated from Gaelic, the name of this Irish Republican political organization means "Ourselves Alone".

Back 585

Sinn Fein

Front 586

I was assassinated in Mexico in 1940.

Back 586

Leon Trotsky

Front 587

Poland was the first country to become a dictatorship, after World War I, with this man as its leader.

Back 587

Joseph Pilsudski

Front 588

The major strategic reason for Allied landings in Italy was to?:

Back 588

open a second front to take the pressure off the Soviets.

Front 589

The important decision made by leading German officials at the Wannsee Conference was?:

Back 589

to begin implementation of the "Final Solution" to the Jewish Question.

Front 590

Hitler's primary motivation for the invasion of the Soviet Union was?:

Back 590

to destroy Bolshevism and acquire lebensraum for German colonization.

Front 591

The chief argument between Truman and Stalin at Potsdam in July, 1945, was over?:

Back 591

free elections in eastern Europe.

Front 592

Why was the Atlantic Charter of 1941 critical to colonial peoples?:

Back 592

it promoted the concept that all people had the right to choose the form of government under which they live.

Front 593

Irish writer James Joyce wrote this epic novel using the technique of "stream of consciousness".

Back 593

Ulysses

Front 594

This group was an alliance between the Radical, Socialist, and Communist parties in France.

Back 594

Popular Front

Front 595

The tide turned in the Russian theater turned in favor of the Russians when?:

Back 595

German forces were surrounded and captured at the crucial battle of Stalingrad.

Front 596

Nazi occupation in Western Europe differed from that in the east in that?:

Back 596

Nazi occupation was more extremely brutal in the east, because of Nazi racial ideology.

Front 597

Winston Churchill's vision for the postwar world?:

Back 597

stressed the balance of power to check the Soviets, and resisted ending colonial empires.

Front 598

President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill announced at their wartime conference in Casablanca that their principal war aim was to?:

Back 598

force the unconditional surrender of both Germany and Japan.

Front 599

What exception to unconditional surrender were the Japanese allowed?:

Back 599

Emperor Hirohito was retained by the Japanese.

Front 600

All of the following were results of World War II EXCEPT?:

A) the creation of new states in Europe.
B) the positioning of the United States as a world power.
C) the loss of colonial empires by European nations.
D) Japan's adoption of a democratic constitution.
E) the adoption of the United Nations Charter.

Back 600

A) the creation of new states in Europe.

Front 601

Which statement expressed a defense used by some Nazi war criminals at their trials in an attempt to justify their actions during World War II?:

Back 601

one's behavior is not accountable when one is following orders.

Front 602

Held in July of 1945. Attended by Stalin, Truman, and Churchill. Displayed the disunity of the shaky alliance.

Back 602

Potsdam Conference

Front 603

American victory against the superior Japanese naval force.

Back 603

Battle of Midway

Front 604

I am a preserving communist in Yugoslavia. I am known by the name of Tito. I helped lead a resistance movement that aided in Germany's military demise.

Back 604

Josip Broz

Front 605

Reference to the planned invasion of France, "D-Day", coordinated by General Eisenhower.

Back 605

"Operation Overlord"

Front 606

Also known as 'Night of the Broken Glass'. When Nazi mobs wrecked Jewish temples throughout Germany.

Back 606

Kristallnacht

Front 607

The last German offensive. The battle took place in Belgium. After this battle, the Germans were in retreat on all fronts.

Back 607

Battle of the Bulge

Front 608

A pledge between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin which guaranteed that after the end of the war Germany would be occupied by Allied powers and demilitarized.

Back 608

Teheran Conference

Front 609

Refers to General Erwin Rommel who attacked the lifeline of Britain, the Suez Canal.

Back 609

The Desert Fox

Front 610

Where the second atomic bomb was dropped in Japan, causing them to surrender to the United States.

Back 610

Nagasaki

Front 611

The Nazis consolidated power by following this policy which builds economic self-sufficiency, by allowing a country to strive independent of imports and foreign markets.

Back 611

Autarky

Front 612

Occurred in 1922 and it caused the current government to collapse, allowing Mussolini to create a new form of government.

Back 612

March on Rome

Front 613

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in response to?:

Back 613

the events surrounding the Berlin Blockade.

Front 614

The collapse of the Fourth Republic and the rise of the Fifth Republic occurred in France over?:

Back 614

the independence movement in Algeria.

Front 615

Euro-communism is?:

Back 615

a program devised by Italian Communists to make their policies more compatible with the needs of Western Europe.

Front 616

Which communist country successfully asserted independence from Moscow's control soon after the end of the Second World War?:

Back 616

Yugoslavia.

Front 617

Under Clement Atlee's administration, the government?:

A) undertook a major housing program.
B) strongly supported British trade unions.
C) assumed ownership of certain major industries.
D) instituted a major program of welfare legislation.
E) all of these choices are correct.

Back 617

E) all of these choices are correct.

Front 618

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Polish and Hungarian disturbances in 1956?:

A) they demonstrated the hollowness of American political rhetoric.
B) they demonstrated that Austrian neutrality would not be imitated in Eastern Europe.
C) they demonstrated the limitations of independence within the Soviet bloc.
D) they exposed the lack of military will on the part of the West to really help freedom-fighters in Eastern Europe.
E) they brought an end to independent action in the Soviet bloc.

Back 618

E) they brought an end to independent action in the Soviet bloc.

Front 619

The "Prague Spring" refers to?:

Back 619

the unsuccessful liberalization program attempted by Alexander Dubcek.

Front 620

The most serious fear shared by Soviet and Western statesmen after World War II was?:

Back 620

revival of a strong military state in Germany.

Front 621

The most serious post-World War II split in the Communist Bloc was?:

Back 621

the rupture of the Soviet-Chinese alliance.

Front 622

Between the death of Stalin and the rise of Gorbachev, the Soviet Union?:

Back 622

experienced some liberalization along with increasing economic decline.

Front 623

One of Gorbachev's key policies was perestroika, which meant?:

Back 623

drastic restructuring of the centrally planned command economy.

(Glasnost: Mikhail Gorbachev used the term to describe a program of reform introduced to the Soviet Union in 1985 whose goals included combating corruption and the abuse of privilege by the political classes. In the broadest sense, it aimed to liberalize freedom of the press gradually, and to allow for freedom of dissent.

Front 624

The most innovative Soviet postwar scientific achievement was its?:

Back 624

launch of the world's first unmanned space satellite.

Front 625

In reality, the policy of detente between the Soviet Union and the United States?:

Back 625

defined the process by which the superpowers agreed to formalize their postwar dominance.

Front 626

As President of France, Charles de Gaulle's policy toward the Cold War was to?:

Back 626

remain independent of both superpowers.

Front 627

The European Economic Community had its origins in an agreement about?:

Back 627

coal and steel production.

Front 628

The outbreak of student revolts in Western Europe the late 1960s was inspired by?:

A) the war in Vietnam.
B) overcrowded classrooms and lack of professorial attention.
C) discontent with materialism.
D) poor job prospects for new graduates.
E) all of these choices are correct.

Back 628

E) all of these choices are correct.

Front 629

The 1960 US-USSR summit meeting was wrecked when?:

Back 629

a U-2 spy plane was shot down over Russia.

Front 630

Margaret Thatcher's popularity rose when she successfully prevented?:

Back 630

Argentina from taking the Falklands.

Front 631

Thatcherism stressed all of the following EXCEPT?:

A) nationalization of industries.
B) high interest rates.
C) destroying the power of labor unions.
D) sharp tax cuts.
E) reduced government spending.

Back 631

A) nationalization of industries.

Front 632

The Solidarity movement in Poland, which ultimately toppled the communist regime, was helped by what other Polish institution?:

Back 632

the Catholic Church.

Front 633

"It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples [against Communist aggression] ". This statement made in 1947 advocating economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey is derived from this document.

Back 633

Truman Doctrine

Front 634

This four-year program (1948-1951) contributed 13 billion dollars to rebuilding the war-ravaged cities of Europe, encouraging industrial and agricultural growth, fostering political stability, encouraging trade, and most importantly, reducing the danger of Communism.

Back 634

Marshall Plan

Front 635

When Germany was divided, the United States, France, and Great Britain combined their territories to form West Germany, also known as this.

Back 635

German Federal Republic

Front 636

October 16-28, 1962 were arguably the most dangerous thirteen days of the cold War. During this period nuclear war seemed not only plausible but probable. This particularly unstable time was due to this dilemma.

Back 636

The Cuban Missile Crisis

Front 637

I led Communists in China, supported by the U.S.S.R., to defeat the corrupt regime of Chiang Kaishek's Nationalists.

Back 637

Mao Zedong

Front 638

"An armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all." This statement reflects the United States' goal of collective security, realized through this organization.

Back 638

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO

Front 639

This symbol of the Cold War was created by the East Germans in 1961, prompted by the prosperity of West Germany, which attracted many to migrate, causing much political embarrassment.

Back 639

The Berlin Wall

Front 640

This American policy focused on strengthening the US and its allies in order to discourage Soviet aggression.

Back 640

Deterrence

Front 641

Upon gaining control of the Soviet Union, I criticized the "cult of personality" of the Stalinist Era and argued that a "peaceful coexistence" between communism and capitalism was possible.

Back 641

Nikola Khrushchev

Front 642

This was the first major military conflict between the West and the Communists.

Back 642

The Korean War

Front 643

In response to the formation of a united West Germany, the Soviets created this territory, also known as East Germany.

Back 643

German Democratic Republic

Front 644

I was imprisoned during Stalin's reign and emerged in 1956 to head the Polish government.

Back 644

Gomulka

Front 645

In 1958, I won a Nobel Prize for literature for my novel, Dr. Zhivago. Unfortunately, my work was censored by the Soviet government and I was forbidden to receive my award.

Back 645

Boris Pasternak

Front 646

This meeting between President Eisenhower, the Prime Ministers of Britain and France, and the Soviets, led to a slightly more agreeable atmosphere between nations.

Back 646

Geneva Summit

Front 647

This formally divided Vietnam into the Communist North and Non-Communist South.

Back 647

Geneva Accords

Front 648

Which of the following statements concerning economic agreements is NOT CORRECT?:

A) the International Monetary Fund was organized to provide small loans to the desperately poor (particularly women) in developing countries.
B) the Marshall Plan provided economic aid for the rebuilding of western Europe following World War II.
C) the European Economic Community was founded in response to the pressures of the Cold War
D) North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994 established a partnership involving the U. S., Canada, and Mexico.
E) OPEC created an oil cartel among oil-producing countries to set the price of oil.

Back 648

A) the International Monetary Fund was organized to provide small loans to the desperately poor (particularly women) in developing countries.

Front 649

In mid-1991, war broke out in the former Yugoslavia when?:

Back 649

Serb armed forces carved out enclaves for Serb minorities in the republics of the former Yugoslavia.

Front 650

In 1991, members of the European Union drew up a plan for common policy, currency, and banking known as the?:

Back 650

Maastrict Agreement.

Front 651

Which of the following statements about the reunification of Germany is TRUE?:

A) West Germany suffered a dramatic economic depression.
B) East Germans staunchly opposed political and social reforms.
C) economic problems were minimal.
D) The Soviet Union paid the German government $15 billion for the ecological damage caused by decades of military dumping of major carcinogens.
E) East Germans suffered a loss of welfare benefits.

Back 651

E) East Germans suffered a loss of welfare benefits.

Front 652

Why have so many violent clashes broken out between ethnic and religious groups in Central and Eastern Europe since the fall of Communism?:

A) the opening of Eastern Europe to a free market economy has promoted ferocious competition, and this has provoked ethnic hatred.
B) because under Communism, the different ethnic and religious groups were allowed complete freedom, but under the new governments they are repressed.
C) the Eastern Europeans have simply imitated the growing nationalism in Russia.
D) the Communist regimes suppressed or permitted only cultural expression of national ambitions, and now these have resurfaced.
E) all of these choices are correct.

Back 652

D) the Communist regimes suppressed or permitted only cultural expression of national ambitions, and now these have resurfaced.

Front 653

In 1993, Czechoslovakia?:

Back 653

split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Front 654

The Paris Accord of 1990 was a Europe-wide agreement to?:

Back 654

affirm existing borders and reduce arms.

Front 655

Which of the following was not a factor in the collapse of the communist governments of eastern Europe in 1989?:

A) the leadership of Yugoslavia in opposing the Soviet Union.
B) the defeat of the communist regimes in democratic elections.
C) Gorbachev’s announcement that the Soviet Union was withdrawing its financial and military support.
D) the efforts of the Solidarity movement in Poland.
E) the failure of communism to gain the support of indigenous populations.

Back 655

C) Gorbachev’s announcement that the Soviet Union was withdrawing its financial and military support.

Front 656

The event which finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs was?:

Back 656

the slaughter of several thousand citizens in Srebrenica.

Front 657

Mikhail Gorbachev embraced this policy of liberation known in Russian as an openness in government combined with a greater degree of free expression.

Back 657

Glasnost

Front 658

A treaty signed by twelve members of the European Community and most of the seven nations of the European Free Trade Association which anticipated the creation of a European Economic Area, providing for the elimination of national barriers to the movement of capital, goods and services, and people between member states, and planned the future use of a common currency.

Back 658

Treaty of Maastricht

Front 659

I was the electrician from Gdansk who became the leader of the Polish Solidarity movement.

Back 659

Lech Walesa

Front 660

This organization was created in 1967 and subsidized farmers and some favored industries and transferred money from wealthier northern states to poorer members like Greece and Portugal and eliminated troublesome tariffs.

Back 660

European Community

(Formerly known as European Economic Community but changed through the Treaty of Maastricht.)

Front 661

I am the current Prime Minister of England who has implemented a "third way" program, reducing Labour's traditional reliance on state action to address social problems.

Back 661

Tony Blair

Front 662

The United States and the Soviet Union signed this treaty in July 1991 which called for a reduction in the number of long-range nuclear warheads and bombs held by each country by about one-third over a period of seven years.

Back 662

Start I

Front 663

A restructuring of the Soviet system in order to make it more efficient and responsive to the needs of soviet citizens.

Back 663

Perestroika

Front 664

A governmental organization founded on December 8, 1991 which composed of former Soviet republics and a partial successor to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Back 664

Commonwealth of Independent States

Front 665

I was the leader of the Serb Communist Party who turned the Communist Party and state apparatus into instruments serving Serb nationalist interest, preparing to establish a "Greater Serbia" if Yugoslavia broke up.

Back 665

Slobodan Milosevic

Front 666

The United States and Russia signed this treaty in 1993 which would cut the total number of US and former Soviet long-range nuclear warheads and bombs to less than half.

Back 666

START II

Front 667

This leader of the Civic Forum was the first president elected under free elections in Czechoslovakia after the fall of the Communists in 1989.

Back 667

Vaclav Havel

Front 668

Orchestrated in November 1995 by the US Government, Bosnia was to remain a single state that included a Bosnian-Croatian federation and a Serb Republic.

Back 668

Dayton Peace Agreement

Front 669

A bloodless revolution led by writers, actors, and students in Czechoslovakia which swept away communism.

Back 669

Velvet Revolution

Front 670

A charismatic person and former mayor of Moscow, I rose to power in Russia as a liberal reformer challenging Gorbachev's authority and the very legitimacy of the Soviet state.

Back 670

Boris Yeltsin

Front 671

I undertook reform in the Soviet Union in a last attempt to save the Communist state.

Back 671

Mikhail Gorbachev

Front 672

I led the Christian Democrats in their return to power in 1982 in West Germany and I conntinued to dominate the political life of the German Federal Republic.

Back 672

Helmut Kohl

Front 673

I was nicknamed the "Iron Lady" and was the first woman to become the British Prime Minister who committed herself to ending completely the government's control over major industries and to slashing government expenses.

Back 673

Margaret Thatcher

Front 674

Changes affecting women in Western Europe since the 1950s include?:

A) greater participation in the labor force.
B) the achievement of wage equality with men.
C) a reduction in life expectancy.
D) increasing family size.
E) declining opportunities in higher education.

Back 674

A) greater participation in the labor force.

Front 675

The surrealistic movement in modern abstract art is based upon the theme of?:

Back 675

portraying the subconcious and irrational in the artists work.

Front 676

The French writer Simone de Beauvoir?:

Back 676

provided European women an intellectual framework for their feminism.

Front 677

Which of the following statements about immigration to Western Europe since 1960 is NOT accurate?:

A) immigrants from poor countries were recruited to do poorly paid jobs in wealthier countries.
B) the admission of former colonies to the European Communist facilitated immigration.
C) immigration created significant Muslim communities in several Western European countries.
D) anti-immigrant movements became a significant political force in many Western European countries.
E) immigrant communities in Western European countries became targets for violent attacks.

Back 677

B) the admission of former colonies to the European Communist facilitated immigration.

Front 678

Existentialism?:

Back 678

saw human beings as condemned to be free because of a rejection of societal customs.

Front 679

The influential Annales school of historical thinking, developed in France, focuses on?:

Back 679

long-term elements in historical change such as population, economy, climate and natural resources.

Front 680

Which group has seen its importance in European politics increase since the 1970s?:

Back 680

environmentalists.

Front 681

This theologian urged each individual to seek God alone without relying on organized religion?:

Back 681

Soren Kierkegaard.

Front 682

A characteristic of Late Modernism was?:

Back 682

a sense of saving Western civilization from itself.

Front 683

All of the following were 20c art movements EXCEPT?:

A) Bauhaus.
B) Dadaism.
C) Impressionism.
D) Cubism.
E) Expressionism.

Back 683

C) Impressionism.

Front 684

Dadaism

Back 684

Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in neutral Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1920. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature (poetry, art manifestoes, art theory), theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti war politic through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Dada activities included public gatherings, demonstrations, and publication of art/literary journals. Passionate coverage of art, politics, and culture filled their publications. The movement influenced later styles, movements, and groups including Surrealism, Pop Art and Fluxus.

Front 685

Bauhaus

Back 685

Bauhaus (help·info) is the common term for the Staatliches Bauhaus (help·info), an art and architecture school in Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933, and for its approach to design that it publicized and taught. The most natural meaning for its name (related to the German verb for "build") is Architecture House. Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture, and one of the most important currents of the New Objectivity.[1]

The Bauhaus art school had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design and typography.

One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology. The machine was considered a positive element, and therefore industrial and product design were important components. Vorkurs ("initial" or "preliminary course") was taught; this is the modern day Basic Design course that has become one of the key foundational courses offered in architectural and design schools across the globe. There was no teaching of history in the school because everything was supposed to be designed and created according to first principles rather than by following precedent.

Front 686

Impressionism

Back 686

Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists, who began exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari.

Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brushstrokes, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles.

The emergence of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous movements in other media which became known as Impressionist music and Impressionist literature.

Front 687

Cubism

Back 687

Cubism was a 20th century art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form — instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly random angles presenting no coherent sense of depth. The background and object planes interpenetrate one another to create the ambiguous shallow space characteristic of cubism.

Front 688

Expressionism

Back 688

Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an emotional effect; it is a subjective art form. Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including painting, literature, theatre, film, architecture and music. Additionally, the term often implies emotional angst – the number of cheerful expressionist works is relatively small.

In this general sense, painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco can be called expressionist, though in practice, the term is applied mainly to 20th century works.

Front 689

This British political party's slogan was Life, Liberty, and Property!

Back 689

Whigs

Front 690

This famous maritime insurance company was founded in 1688.

Back 690

Lloyd's of London

Front 691

"The Virgin Queen."

Back 691

Elizabeth I

Front 692

It was through her son that the Stuarts came to the throne of England.

Back 692

Mary of Scotland

Front 693

Paris is worth a Mass!

Back 693

Henry IV

Front 694

This British political party's slogan was The King, the Church, and the Land!

Back 694

Tories

Front 695

He was the favorite classical author of Renaissance scholars.

Back 695

Cicero

Front 696

This medieval philosophy emphasized a study of the sciences, theology, and professional training in the law and medicine.

Back 696

Scholasticism

Front 697

"I think; therefore I am!"

Back 697

Descartes

Front 698

He believed that the sun revolved around the earth.

Back 698

Ptolemy

Front 699

He discovered the "Laws of Planetary Motion."

Back 699

Kepler

Front 700

"I completely disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

Back 700

Voltaire

Front 701

In his book, Essays on Crimes and Punishment, he formulated new laws of justice based on deterrence.

Back 701

Beccaria

Front 702

In Two Treatises of Government, he proposed that all men, living in a state of nature, possessed certain natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

Back 702

Locke

Front 703

He was the "Father of Utilitarianism" which emphasized "the greatest good for the greatest number."

Back 703

Bentham

Front 704

He built the first mechanical "calculating machine" and felt that there was danger in the surrender of traditional religious beliefs. Reason would bring man to faith and dependence on divine grace.

Back 704

Pascal

Front 705

He believed in a higher reality of the Noumena and the Phenomena.

Back 705

Kant

Front 706

He believed that: knowledge + power = progress.

Back 706

Bacon

Front 707

God created two kinds of fundamental realities in the world -- "thinking substance" and the "extended substance."

Back 707

Cartesian dualism

Front 708

These were issued by the French King and acted as warrants of arrest without charge.

Back 708

lettres de cachet

Front 709

The French nobility who had been given titles because of their services as good judges or competent civil administrators.

Back 709

nobless de robe

Front 710

Under the leadership of Robespierre, they instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

Back 710

Jacobins

Front 711

He was Henry IV of France's finance minister.

Back 711

Sully

Front 712

These thinkers believed that there were universal laws in all aspects of life, not only in science.

Back 712

physiocrats

Front 713

French government officials appointed from the middle class who owed their total allegiance to the king, and not to the local aristocracy.

Back 713

intendants

Front 714

This document made Catholic clergy in France become paid government officials elected by the French people.

Back 714

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Front 715

This political group in early revolutionary France wanted a middle-class Republic similar to that in the United States.

Back 715

Girondists

Front 716

The battle in which the Russians beat the Swedes and ended Swedish domination of the Baltic region.

Back 716

Poltava

Front 717

The primary governing body in France during Robespierre's reign.

Back 717

Committee of Public Safety

Front 718

The descendents of the French feudal aristocracy.

Back 718

nobless d-epee

Front 719

The French city-workers, known for their long, puffy trousers.

Back 719

sans-cullotes

Front 720

He came from the Borgia family and was the most infamous Renaissance Pope.

Back 720

Alexander VI

Front 721

They were the "left-wing" of the Protestant reform movement.

Back 721

Anabaptists

Front 722

Leader of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland.

Back 722

Knox

Front 723

A government in which God is recognized as the supreme civil ruler and divine or religious laws are taken as the laws of the state.

Back 723

theocracy

Front 724

The changing of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ.

Back 724

trans-substantiation

Front 725

This extension of the Spanish Inquisition prevented heretical ideas from corrupting the minds of those who still remained in the faith.

Back 725

Index of Prohibited Books

Front 726

The "Father of the Swiss Protestant Reformation."

Back 726

Zwingli

(Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli or Ulricus Zuinglius (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, and founder of the Swiss Reformed Churches. Independent of Martin Luther, who was doctor biblicus, Zwingli arrived at similar conclusions, by studying the Scriptures from the point of view of a humanist scholar.)

Front 727

This law, passed in 1662, forbade all non-Anglicans from public worship, teaching their faiths, or attending universities.

Back 727

Test Act

Front 728

The "Father of Methodism."

Back 728

Wesley

Front 729

Another name for the Protestant settlements in northern Ireland during the Cromwellian period.

Back 729

Ulster Plantation

Front 730

It was during the reign of Edward VI of England that this work was published which became the basis of Anglican worship.

Back 730

Book of Common Prayer

Front 731

This piece of English legislation excluded non-Anglicans from civil and military positions.

Back 731

Clarendon Code

Front 732

A Protestant Evangelical revivalist movement of the mid-19c which deplored the stress on natural law.

Back 732

Pietism

Front 733

The complete Renaissance person.

Back 733

l'uomo universale

Front 734

He painted the Sistine Chapel.

Back 734

Michaelangelo

Front 735

He invented the printing press.

Back 735

Gutenberg

Front 736

This art movement got its name from the French word for "seashell". Pastel colors dominated.

Back 736

Rococco

Front 737

The most famous musician of the Baroque period.

Back 737

Bach

Front 738

London's principal architect.

Back 738

Wren

Front 739

The light, lyrical folk music of the Renaissance.

Back 739

Madrigal

Front 740

This Renaissance writer believed that sin was unknowable and that the "road to salvation lay in doubt, not in faith."

Back 740

de Montaigne

Front 741

The artistic technique that Da Vinci used which emphasized the blurring of colors until they disappeared into the background.

Back 741

sfumato

Front 742

He was the Renaissance artist known for his Madonnas.

Back 742

Raphael

Front 743

He originally designed one of the greatest domes in the world--that of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Back 743

Bramante

Front 744

The chief portrait painter of 18c England.

Back 744

Holbein

Front 745

This art movement was characterized by very heavy, ornate decor which appealed to the emotions of the widest possible European audience.

Back 745

Baroque

Front 746

He was the transitional artistic figure between the late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance.

Back 746

Giotto

Front 747

He wrote Paradise Lost in which he supported Cromwell's Puritan Revolution and showed the destructive qualities of pride and the redeeming possibility of humanity.

Back 747

Milton

Front 748

He wrote Pilgrim's Progress in which he proposed that individuals could do nothing to save themselves.

Back 748

Bunyon