Ap European History

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Italian city-states

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Florence, Venice, Milan, Genoa, Papal States, Naples

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Many Italian city-states became:

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constitutional oligarchies

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Charles V ruled:

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Hapsburg Empire (Spain, Netherlands, areas of Italy, Central Europe), Holy Roman Empire, and empire in New World

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After Charles V, the Hapsburg Empire:

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Split between Austrian and Spanish branches

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1450-1550 French dynasty

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Valois

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Won the Hundred Years' War:

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France (1453)

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In 1500s, France was fighting with:

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Spanish Hapsburgs

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1515-1547 French ruler:
Ruled with:

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Francis I; cooperation of nobles

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Henry Tudor defeats ____ to become:

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Richard III; Henry VII who strengthened royal authority

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Donatello did what and what made it important?

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David, first free standing nude sculpture since antiquity

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Mannerism

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new expressive style rejects symmetry of earlier Renaissance art

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Erasmus:

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Northern humanist, promotes intellectual inquiry, piety, use of Latin as common scholarly language

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Vasco de Gama

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Portuguese explorer; reaches India by going around Africa (spice trade to the east begins)

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Spain holdings in the age of exploration:

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Central, South America

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Portuguese claims in the age of exploration:

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Brazil, African coast

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Hernan Cortes

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Spanish explorer, conquers Aztecs in Mexico

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Francisco Pizarro

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Spanish explorer, conquers Inca in Peru

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Portuguese explorer, circumnavigates world

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Catholic priest that protested against Spanish treatment of Native Americans

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Bartolome de Las Casas

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John Wycliffe and Jan Hus

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called for reform during Great Schism (1378-1417)

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Edicts of Worms/Council of Worms

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Charles V signed it after excommunicating Luther, condemning Luther's ideas. Luther brought to the court and questioned

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Augsburg Confession

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makes Luther break with Church permanently, founds Lutheran Church

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Ulrich Zwingli

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leads Reformation in Switzerland based on literal reading of scripture

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Peace of Augsburg

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lets German princes decide on religion in their states (Lutherans and Catholics)

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Henry VIII founded:
Daughter Mary returned to:
Daughter Elizabeth:

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Anglican Church; Catholicism; enforces Protestantism through Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy but tolerates Catholicism

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Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by:

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Ignatius of Loyola

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Council of Trent

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reforms bishop and priest conduct; reaffirms Catholic doctrine: papal authority, seven sacraments, Christ's presence in Eucharist, power of indulgences (not sale!), power of good works, celibacy of clergy

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Pope Paul IV did:

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ordered Jews to live in ghettos and established the Index of Prohibited Books

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1600 Catholic majority in:

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Ireland, Spain, France, Italian States, Austria, Poland, southern German states

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1600 Protestant majority in:

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England, Switzerland, Netherlands, Scandinavia, northern German states

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1600 Orthodox majority in:

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Russia, Balkans, parts of Poland-Lithuania

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standard currency for many European traders from 1450-1600

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Florence's gold florin

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Peasant's War in H.R.E calls for:

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an end to serfdom, unfair taxation; revolt suppressed

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Edict of Nantes

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declared by Bourbon kind Henry IV in France; a religious truce; official religion is Catholicism but Protestants granted freedoms

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In 1572, Dutch Protestants began a revolt against:
This leads to:

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Catholic Spanish Hapsburgs;
Calvinists United Provinces (northern Netherlands) declare independence and southern Netherlands(Belgium and Lux. today) remains Catholic and loyal to Spain

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Most destructive war of religion

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Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

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Treaty of Westphalia

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ends wars of religion, establishes many of today's European borders; Calvinists gain legal recognition; Independence of Swiss Confederation and United Provinces (Netherlands) recognized; H.R.E. weakened; Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia gain power; France and Spain still in war until 1659

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In 1650, __% of Europeans are Protestant

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20%

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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heliocentric (sun-centered) universe

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Tycho Brahe

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collects observations of planets and stars

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Johannes Kepler

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develops laws of planetary motion

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Galileo Galilei

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uses telescope to observe sun's rotation, moon's craters; argues that universe follows laws of mathematics; Pope persecutes for promoting Copernican system

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Isaac Newton

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argues that light can be described mathematically; publishes laws of gravity

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Gottfried Leibnitz

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developed calculus

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Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey

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explore workings of the human body, including the skeletal and circulatory systems

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Blaise Pascal

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attempts to reconcile science with religion

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Francis Bacon

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inductive reasoning (small-->large)

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Rene Descartes

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deductive reasoning (large-->small)

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prominent scientific society:

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Royal Society of London

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Baroque style embraced by what religious countries?

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Catholic

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Baroque musicians

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Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi

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Rembrandt von Rijn

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paints townspeople in rich color, shadow

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Rococo style

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mid-1700s, features flowing curves; smaller-scale, less ornate

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Jean-Antoine Watteau

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rococo artist; paints elegant, smaller, secular themes

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Miguel de Cervantes

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Don Quixote! - a sympathetic satire of chivalry

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John Milton

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English Puritan; Paradise Lost explores the sin of pride

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Thomas Hobbes

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English philosopher; Leviathan sees humanity as naturally materialistic and selfish; argues that ABSOLUTISM is necessary to prevent conflict

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John Locke

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English philosopher; Two Treatises of Government argues that humanity is naturally peaceful, call for moderate rule, rights, liberty, and protection of property

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In republican states:

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legislatures hold some power over taxation and law, but states not necessarily democratic as legislatures may represent only nobles and wealthy

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Elizabeth 1 (1558-1603)

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establishes tolerant religious settlement, increases royal bureaucracy and efficiency (Spanish Armada!)