Ap Euro Unit 2

Front 1

Albrecht Durer

Back 1

(1471-1528)

German Artist born in Nuremburg, Holy Roman Empire. He was highly influential of the Northern Renaissance, due to his relationships with Italian Artists and German Humanists.

Front 2

Desiderius Erasmus

Back 2

(1466-1536)

Dutch Humanist who was the leading scholar of the Northern Renaissance. He condemned Martin Luther's opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 3

Christian Humanism

Back 3

(15th-16th century)

A philosophy that drove the Northern Renaissance. It combined the classical learning and secular values of humanism and Christianity in an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.

Front 4

Western Schism

Back 4

(1378-1417)

A schism in the Roman Catholic Church. During this time, two or three people laid claim to the papacy. The upheaval from the schism helped lead to the Protestant Reformation.

Front 5

John Wyclif

Back 5

(1331-1384)

English Philosopher who was an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic Church. He attacked the luxury of the clergy and local ceremonies. He translated the Bible to the vernacular at the time.

Front 6

Conciliarism

Back 6

(14th-16th century)

A reform movement in the Catholic Church. It was a response to the Western Schism. It held that the supreme authority in the Church was an Ecumenical Council apart from the Pope.

Front 7

Sale of Indulgences

Back 7

Indulgences were the selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. The sale of indulgences was met with resistance and eventually led to the Protestant Reformation.

Front 8

Martin Luther

Back 8

(1483-1546)

German theologian. His "Ninety Five Theses" laid out many complaints with the Roman Catholic Church and led to the Protestant Reformation.

Front 9

95 Theses

Back 9

(1517)

A document written by Martin Luther detailing his complaints with the Roman Catholic Church, eventually leading to the Protestant Reformation.

Front 10

Edict of Worms

Back 10

(May 25, 1521)

A decree issued by Emperor Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. This decree stated that Martin Luther was a heretic and an enemy of the state and banned his writings.

Front 11

German Peasants' Revolt

Back 11

(1524-1525)

A widespread revolt of German speaking areas in Central Europe. The peasants invoked divine law to demand rights and freedom away from nobles and lords. Some reformers supported the revolt. However, Martin Luther condemned it. Its failure led to the reduction of rights for peasants.

Front 12

Protestants

Back 12

Reformers who demanded reforms in the Catholic Church. They disliked the absolute power of the Pope and the money collected through indulgences. They eventually formed the Protestant Church.

Front 13

Charles V

Back 13

(1500-1558)

Emperor of the Spanish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. He was involved in religious affairs, calling the Diet of Worms to condemn Martin Luther and the Council of Trent to attempt to secure reconciliation with the Protestants.

Front 14

Schmalkaldic League

Back 14

(Mid-16th century)

A defense alliance of Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire. While it was eventually disbanded, the alliance established Protestantism in Central Europe.

Front 15

Peace of Augsburg

Back 15

(1555)

An agreement between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. This agreement allowed rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism as their state's official religion.

Front 16

Huldrych Zwingli

Back 16

(1484-1531)

A leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. He influenced the other Reformation leaders of the time and formed a military alliance with the Protestant members of Switzerland against the Catholic canton.

Front 17

Sacramentarian Controversy

Back 17

(1530)

The Sacramentarians were a group of Christians who were neither Lutherans nor Roman Catholics. They were eventually merged into the general body of Lutherans. This represented the first divide in the Protestant movement.

Front 18

Anabaptists

Back 18

(16th century)

A Protestant sect that believes only adults could make a choice about religion. They were heavily persecuted during the 16th=17th centry.

Front 19

Jean Calvin

Back 19

(1509-1564)

French Protestant who created Calvinism. Calvinism spread from Switzerland to Northern Europe and North America.

Front 20

Predestination

Back 20

The belief that human life is determined by a higher power. This was argued by Jean Calvin and became a part of Calvinism.

Front 21

Henry VIII

Back 21

(1491-1547)

The King of England. He created the Church o England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage.

Front 22

Act of Supremacy

Back 22

(1534)

This declared the king the head of the Church of England. This made the king both the political and religious leader.

Front 23

Catholic Reformation

Back 23

(16th century)

This was a reform movement in the Catholic Church in response to he Protestant Refrmaton. It clarified Catholic theology.

Front 24

Ignatius Loyola

Back 24

(1491-1556)

He founded the Society of Jesus and resisted the spread of Protestantism.

Front 25

Council of Trent

Back 25

(1545-1563)

It was called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and attempt reconciliation with Protestants.