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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the transition from the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment?
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-Not relying on others to explain world
-Human Law= using same principles -Questioning authorities of knowledge -Epistemology= how do we know what we know it true, understanding roots of your knowledge -Culminate with French Revolution= overthrows everything: religion, political, hierarchy, symbol of change |
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What are the main themes of the Enlightenment?
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-Autonomy of Reason= individualism, man's ability to reason, skepticism, ability to understand the world
-Perfectibility and Progress= modern understanding of history, better now then we were, working towards a more perfect place -Encyclopedia= catalogue all human knowledge, you can't have people telling you what happened, you have to look it up, question how you acquire knowledge |
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Who were the philosophes?
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-Rationalist, French, mainstream Enlightenment thought
-Montesquieu= checks and balances role of nobility to check monarch, for constitutionalism (British), opposite of cultural relevance universal set of rules, ppl are sovereign, anti-slavery -Rousseau= social contract=agrees with Locke except he thinks we have been tricked by those in power, state of nature we were noble savages, (native americans live a better life condescending), legitimate government protects equality of everyone, only reason you have rights is b/c society agrees to give them to you, education=greatest gift |
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Who was Diderot?
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Encyclopedia, empiricist, change the way of how we viewed the world, indirect challenge to social and political power
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What were some of the main themes of rationalism?
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-Understanding of using reason and intellect alone, reason can be a source of knowledge
-Not based on senses or experiences -Natural law= killing is bad, knowledge based on no knowledge -Morality= you have universal understanding of morality -HIstory= were making progress, technology makes us better, society is perfectable |
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What is reason?
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Your ability to make sense or meaning of the world
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What is apriori?
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-Knowledge that you have had before, independent of experience
-Can have innate knowledge -Opposite of blank slate -Not sure where it comes from |
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What is apostoriori knowledge and what are the basic principles of empiricism?
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-Apostoriori knowledge= knowledge based on experience
-Locke= blank slate, born that way, opposite of rational b/c we don't have apriori knowledge -Stop taking the other people's words for something, go experience it yourself, the acquisition of knowledge |
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Who was Emmanuel Kant?
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-Natural laws that we can agree on= universal truths
-People are lazy, have the knowledge but don't use it, rely on authority -People should be scholars -Transcendental idealism= reason is limited b/c we aren't god -Phenomena= idea that we can still believe in god b/c everything is so great -Deism= can have a rational god, can explain certain things |
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What was the point of Candide?
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-Voltaire
-Folly of optimism= Cunegund kiss gets kicked out and her killed, syphilis, going for a walk gets him beat up, only non-optimist is the best person -Uselessness philosophical speculation= "cause and effect", try to rationalize everything, all just talking and useless -Hypocrisy of religion= terrible things happening to them, makes them look stupid -Nature of God and presence of evil= Bulgarian soldiers, earthquake, burning, why would god do this? -Voltaire says you can't |
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What were some themes of enlightened absolutism?
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-Contradictory during the time period because break away from authority but you still have to obey laws
-Free thought but not political freedom -Rulers are supposed to rule for good of the people, need educated elite ruler to lead ignorant ppl -Doesn't feel enlightened, feels effective -Laws were made faster |
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Who was Beccaria?
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-Punishment should fit crime, be fast, and public
-Absolutist rule delivers justice quickly and will make less crime |
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Who was Catherine the Great?
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-Learns Russian converts to Orthodox
-Restricts torture, little bit for educating women -Charter of Nobility= defines role of nobility of her role, using Enlightenment thought to strengthen her rule |
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Who was Frederick the Great?
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-Wrote Prussian Code= have freedom of religion (not Jews), but they are a big part of society
-Loves the French -Uses Enlightenment to strengthen rule -Codified laws, made courts more fair, no capital punishment, tests for jobs -More efficient than normal absolutist= consistency to rule, faster and more powerful, doesn't feel as arbitrary |
