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211 Cards in this Set
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5 major Italian states
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Kingdom of Naples (and Sicily)
Republic of Florence Duchy of Milan Republic of Venice - never becomes a monarchy like others The Papal States |
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Medici family
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muscle in on politics in Florence because through becoming merchants (esp. wool trade and silk trade); est. banks
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Cosimo Medici
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founder of bank, becomes unofficial dictator of Florence, city-state prospers under him
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Podesta/Condotierri
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mercenary generals and soldiers in Italy
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Visconti and Sforza
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Visconti (a podesta) overthrew gov't in Milan and made it a Duchy; Sforza overthrew Visconti
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Gutenburg
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Printing press --> literacy (a reason why reformation took root), propaganda
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Florins
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first stable coinage system in Florence
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Burkhardt
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un-Christian philosophy, modern, individualism and secularism
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Scholasticism
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focused on Greek and Roman education, learning is about re-discovering all old knowledge
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Fall of Constantinople (end of Byzantine empire)
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1453
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Humanism
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late 1300s in Italy; against scholasticism, less memorization, think for yourself, build personal virtue through education
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Founding fathers of humanism (and first to write in Italian vernacular)
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Dante - The Divine Comedy
Petrarch - Sonnets to Laura Boccaccio - Decameron |
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Vergerio
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father of liberal arts education
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Feltre
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teaching of classical Greek and physical fitness
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Castiglione
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The Art of the Courtier - gentlemen have manners
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Chrysolaras
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extremely talented Byzantine who taught Greek at the Florentine Academy (1400s)
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Aristotle
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man of scholastics, church latched on to him second to the bible
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Plato
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Aristotle's predecessor, man of humanists, individualism, free will
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Pico della Mirandola
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men born free, have the freedom to do whatever we want
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Lorenzo Valla
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founder of modern literary criticism, intellectual freedom
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5 major Italian states
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Kingdom of Naples (and Sicily)
Republic of Florence Duchy of Milan Republic of Venice - never becomes a monarchy like others The Papal States |
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Medici family
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muscle in on politics in Florence because through becoming merchants (esp. wool trade and silk trade); est. banks
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Cosimo Medici
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founder of bank, becomes unofficial dictator of Florence, city-state prospers under him
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Podesta/Condotierri
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mercenary generals and soldiers in Italy
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Visconti and Sforza
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Visconti (a podesta) overthrew gov't in Milan and made it a Duchy; Sforza overthrew Visconti
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Gutenburg
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Printing press --> literacy (a reason why reformation took root), propaganda
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Florins
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first stable coinage system in Florence
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Burkhardt
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un-Christian philosophy, modern, individualism and secularism
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Scholasticism
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focused on Greek and Roman education, learning is about re-discovering all old knowledge
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Fall of Constantinople (end of Byzantine empire)
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1453
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Treaty of Lodi (1454)
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all 5 great powers of Italy agreed to never invite foreign armies into their disputes; Sforza ("Il Moro", Duke of Milan) breaks this by inviting French in
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Savonarola
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preached against decadence and corruption of Medici court
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Pope Rodrigo Borgia, Alexander VI
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tried to enrich family through position, extravagence, son = Cesare Borgia
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Maximilian
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1490s elected Emperor, puts Hapburgs on the map; intervenes with Ferdinand to kick French out of Italy
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Concordat of Bologna
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Pope Julius II forced to sign by French; French gets virtual independence for French branch of Catholic Church
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Charles I/V
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Charles I of Spain and Charles V of HRE; becomes King of Spain first then through grandfather Maximilian he inherits immense lands, eventually becomes HR emperor
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Battle of Pavia (1525)
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Charles faces off with French in Italy; Italy becomes Hapsburg satellite; 1527: Sack of Rome
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Hundred Years' War (1340s-1450s)
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war b/t French and English for the French throne; by 1453, French free of English control for the first time; Charles VII won this war, Louis XI gets credit
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Louis XI
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King of France (1461-1483); plays bourgeois off nobles, calls Estates-General less Machievellian ways
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5 independent states of Spain (during Renaissance)
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Aragon
Castille Portugal Navarre Kingdom of Granada (only place of true tolerance) |
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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their marriage unites Spain; Spanish Inquisition - attempt to unite Spain and expel Muslims and Jews; "one king, one law, one faith";
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The single state of Spain that doesn't unify under Ferdinand and Isabella
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Portugal
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Philip von Hapsburg (HRE) and Joanna "La Loca" (Spain)
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Parents of Charles I/V; one of the two dynastic marriages for a "united" Spain made by Ferdinand and Isabella
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Arthur Prince of Wales (England) and Catalina (Spain)
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After Arthur's death managed to get marriage annulled, Catalina married Arthur's brother Henry VIII
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Salic Law
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In France first, no female can ever rule, king can have wife but no co-monarchs, male cannot inherit throne if through mother (i.e. Hapsburg dynasty ends in 1701)
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Henry VII (1485-1509)
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Tudor; nation-founder of England
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The War of the Roses (1455-1485)
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dynastic civil war b/t House of Lancaster and House of York; eventually blend to become House of Tudors through marriage of Henry and Elizabeth of York
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Court of Star Chamber
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Created in 1480s in England by Henry VII; new political court outside regular court, no trial by jury, made Henry's purges possible
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Golden Bull of 1346
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passed in HRE; HR Emperor serves for life; emperor elected by a college of Electors made up of 7 princes (4 lay, 4 ecclesiastical); emperor had right to knight people
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Reichstag/Diet of Worms
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German parliment of HRE
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Christian Humanism
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emphasized cleaning of the church, religion, hated scholasticism; printing press was integral
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Erasmus
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Dutch humanist, must become a great scholar and Christian, free will, no pre-destination; publishes Greek New Testament in Classical Greek; criticizes official vulgate Bible
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"Erasmus laid the egg and Luther hatched it"
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Von Hutten and Reuchlin
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Hebrew should be taught in German universities
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Thomas More
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Civic Humanist; wrote Utopia - perfect socialist society, equality
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Rabelais and Montaigne
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Influential French writers; Montaigne - the new world; Rabelais - Gargantua and Pentagruel
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Lefevre
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French; believed in the use of the Bible by common people
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Cisneros
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greatest Spanish Humanist; wrote the Polygot Bible
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Ptolemy
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publishes atlas; Almagest - map of the night sky
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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sets up school for navigation and sailing
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Bartolomeu Dias
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1488 - Cape of Good Hope, finds tip of Africa
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Vasco de Gama
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1497-1498 - travels East to India
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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
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Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) and Spain; splits New World b/t Spain and Portugal
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Giotto
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"Father of modern art"; perspective, shadows, emotions
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Michelangelo
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Sistine Chapel, St. Peter's Basilica
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Brunelleschi
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dome over the Florence Cathedral
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Babylonian Captivity (1300s)
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Papacy becomes a tool of the French monarchy as College of Cardinals elects Frenchman as Pope
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The Great Schism
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Two popes at the same time: one in Avignon, one in Rome; makes people realize that the papacy is caught up in politics
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Conciliar Movement
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Christian reform movement of 14th and 15th centuries; council should have more power than Pope, Pope to become figurehead
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Wycliffe
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English; contemporary of Martin Luther (i.e. indulgences false, celibacy unnecessary, Bible should be in vernacular); translated bible in English
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John Huss
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Czech; launches mini-reformation in Prague; executed
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Simony
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selling offices in the church
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absenteeism
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absentee bishops, pluralism
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College of Cardinals
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elects Pope, immense amount of bribery and corruptino in renaissance
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lay piety
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1300-1400s, more lay groups/brothers meeting (non-clergy)
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The Cult of the Rosary
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sign of lay piety
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How much of Germany's national income went to Rome in Renaissance
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2/5
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How much of land was owned by church in Renaissance
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1/3
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5th Lateran Council
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Church council, last chance before reformation; Pope ignored it
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95 Theses (1517)
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written by Martin Luther; Wittenburg, Germany; discusses corruption of the church, "Justification by Faith", consubstantiation; essentially the start of the reformation
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Justification by Faith
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Luther's belief more centered on faith rather than good works to get to heaven
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Priesthood of all believers
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Luther's belief that all Christians are priests; should be led by pastors rather than priests
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Bondage of free will
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born with free will, wrapped in the chains of sin; grace and faith make up for them
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Diet of Worms (1521)
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Luther is excommunicated
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Zwingli
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launched reformation in Switzerland
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Anabaptism
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another group of reformers founded by Conrad Grebel; baptize adults not infants; pacifism; took over Munster and gov't
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John Calvin, Calvinism
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predestination (the Elect of god); concerned about church and gov't; board of presbyters, anti-sumptuary laws
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Anti-Trinitarians
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Servetus and Fox; another small religious group
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Solidly Protestant nations during Renaissance
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Denmark
Sweden Norway Iceland Northern German States 7 N. countries of Netherlands Scotland |
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Religiously split nations during Renaissance
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France
Poland Bohemia Hungary Rhineland |
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Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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end of Schmalkaldic Wars, wars over religion (Lutherans vs. Catholics vs. Calvinists); religion of prince decides religion of state (can only be Protestantism or Catholicism though); Charles gives up on idea of Protestantism being absorbed into Catholicism, forces Calvinism underground
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Tyndale
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English; published Bible in English
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The Reformation Parliament
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under Henry VIII; unplugs England from Rome; Act of Succession, Act of Supremacy, Dissolution of the Monasteries Act, The Six Acts, no more taxes to Pope
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Act of Succession
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1530s; part of the Reformation Parliament; grants Henry's divorce from Catherine, their daughters ineligible for the throne, heirs of Ann Boleyn will succeed
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Act of Supremacy
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declares Henry and monarchs after him the head of the Church of England
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Dissolution of Monasteries Act
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every single monastery, convent, etc... declared property of the states; allows him to buy support with the land
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The Six Acts
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Lays out the theology of the new church; King, not pope, is head of Church of England; allowed translation of Bible to English --> The Great Bible
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Wolsey
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Chancellor of England, wouldn't annul Henry's marriage to Catherine - fired
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Thomas More
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replaces Wolsey as chancellor of England
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Thomas Cromwell
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replaces Thomas More as chancellor of England; closet Protestant, sees annulling Henry's marriage as chance to get rid of Catholic Queen (Catherine)
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Thomas Cranmer
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becomes Chancellor of England, eventually Archbishop of Canterbury; convinces Henry to declare his divorce himself; closet protestant, helped set up new Church of England but hoped for it to become Protestnat; wrote the Book of Common Prayer
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"Bloody" Mary
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Basterd child of Henry VIII, becomes queen after Edward dies; Roman Catholic; marries Philip II (Spain); restored England to Roman Catholicism
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Effects of the Protestant Reformation
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more focused on the individual, worship service changes - native language, communion no longer central, church architecture changes, modern hymns, everyone became educated; church was now subservient to state; church's influence greatly reduced; Bible published in local languages; no more virginity, women seen as spiritually equal to men; sets off wars of religion (i.e. anti-semitism); prevents unification of HRE
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Jesuits
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A new Order of the 1500s; St. Ignatius of Loyola; a teaching and missionary order, military
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Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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Conciliar movement back; Pope packs the council to avoid Conciliar movement; try to get rid of some corruption
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Henri II (1547-1559)
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House of Valois; monarch in France; married to Catherine de Medicis; 100% CATHOLIC - persecutes Huguenots
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Huguenots
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French Calvinists (typically bourgeois and nobility)
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Francis II
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son of Henri II, becomes king with mother as regent
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Charles IX
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takes over after Francis II's death; mother Queen Catherine is regent
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The January Edict
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Queen Catherine; Edict of toleration b/c saw that protestantism was still growing; sets off religious wars started b/t Valois and ducs de Guises
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St. Bartholemeau Day Massacre
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Queen Catherine kills Huguenots at marriage b/t Henri of Navarre [III] (Protestant) and her daughter Marguerite of Valois (Catholic)
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Henri III
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last Valois heir; takes over French throne after Charles IX; Protestant; assassinates/assassinated by the Duke de Guise
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Henri IV (1589-1610)
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House of Bourbon; becomes king of France after Henri III; Huguenot; "politique" - converts to Catholicism b/c majority of France is Catholic; religious toleration
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Edict of Nantes (1598)
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Henri IV feels bad about abandoning Huguenots; Huguenots can worship freely, can have own patrol army in any city in which they're a majority
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Ferdinand I
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Charles I/V splits his inheritance (Austria, Bohemia and Hungaria) to him; the rest of it goes to their father Philip
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Duke of Alba
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sent by Philip II to slaughter Protestants in Netherlands
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William of Orange - Nassau
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leader of the Netherlands revolt
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sea beggars
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pirates to the Spanish; sent by Queen Elizabeth to help the Dutch
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The Spanish Fury (1576)
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Spanish army left leaderless in the Netherlands, sack Antwerp because they're so desperate; horrifies Protestants and Catholics alike, leads to the "Pacification of Ghent"
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Pacification of Ghent
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declaration of unity in Netherlands, all 17 Netherlandish states, Catholic and Protestant, came together to defeat the Spanish = Union of Brussels (1576)
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Don Jon
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replacement sent by Phillip to lead Spanish army in the Netherlands; defeated; Perpetual Edict
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The Perpetual Edict (1577)
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grants autonomy to the 17 provinces of Netherlands; Spanish leave
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Union of Arras and Union of Utrecht (1579)
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Union of Brussels split: Arras - Catholics of S. Netherlands; Utrecht - Protestants of N. Netherlands
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Maurice of Nassau
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father of modern warfare, mercenaries are crap, gunpowder and firearms are where its at; defeats Spanish armies in Netherlands
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Spanish Armada 1588
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Philip II tried to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England; failed - end of Spain's powerful reign
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United Provinces of the Netherlands
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Union of Utrecht renames itself this after declaring itself independent from Spanish empire; becomes a republic
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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
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Spain finally forced to give formal recognition to Dutch independence
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How the Netherlands split
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North - United Provinces of Netherlands; Calvinist; religiously tolerant; first new republic in Europe
South - Spanish Netherlands; Catholic |
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Edward VI
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held the English throne after Henry VIII; true Protestant
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Elizabeth I
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Last Tudor in England; 3 most important advisors:
William Cecil - chancellor Sir Francis Walsingham - spy master Matthew Parker - Archbishop of Canterbury |
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Babington Plot
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plot to kill Elizabeth I, uncovered by Walsingham; Mary Queen of Scots is executed for it
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Via Media
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"middle road"; Matthew Parker helped Elizabeth I create this
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39 Articles
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Matthew Parker; Protestant in belief but Catholic in ritual
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Robert Dudley
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Elizabeth's "best man friend", Earl of Esher; Elizabeth sends him to Mary Queen of Scots (next in line for throne after Tudors) saying she must marry him to get throne
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James VI/I
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Succeeds Elizabeth I for English throne in 1603
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30 Years War
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religious conflict b/t Protestants and Catholics in HRE, turned into continuation of Bourbon-Hapsburg rivalry, almost all European powers get involved
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Edict of Restitution (1629)
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Ferdinand issues this, no more religious tolerance, Roman Catholicism only
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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
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Ends the 30 Year's War; legalization of Calvinism in HRE, Edict of Restitution repealed, Switzerland and Netherlands' independence is recognized, Maximilian becomes an elector, unification of Germany prevented; dualism
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La Republique
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Written by Jean Bodin (Fr.), republics don't work, need a true absolute monarchy
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Estates General
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France's tricameral legislature:
House of Nobles - controlled the most House of Clergy - Cardinals House of Commons |
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Parlement of Paris
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when King rules by decree (Estates General not in session), laws had to be registered at 12 parlements - Parlement of Paris had veto power
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Duke de Sully
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Minister of Finance in France under Henri IV; mercantilism
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corvee
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labor tax that says every French citizen must work for free for 5 days/yr for gov't
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the type of nation France is when Henri IV comes into power
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a federal nation - France not unified
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Louis XIII (1610-1643)
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the "do-nothing" king of France; Cardinal Richilieu is chancellor and does most of the work
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Chancellor of Louis XIII; absolutism - lettre de cachet = no right of trial by jury, "raison d'etat"; intendants=gov't bureaucrats sent to "temporarily" fill in missing gov't positions; convinces Louis to revoke part about militia of Edict of Nantes
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Siege of La Rochelle
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French Huguenots revolted
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Cardinal Mazarin
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Richelieu's successor as chancellor under Louis XIV
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Louis XIV (1643-1715)
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son of Louis XIII; Mazarin is chancellor; takes over French throne
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Revolt of the Fronde (1649-1652)
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Nobles rise up again French gov't, want independence back, ultimately unsuccessful and call Mazarin back - now COMPLETE absolutism
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Bishop Bossuet
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taught Louis XIV that he was God's representation on earth and had no limitations to his power - "l'etat est moi"
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Versailles
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Louis XIV built this to attract nobles and distract them from their gov't positions; appointed intendents to cover for them; centralizes power
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1685 Edict of Nantes completely revoked
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Louis XIV (Roman Catholic); many Huguenots leave to England, Holland and PA
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Louvois
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Minister of War in Louis XIV's cabinet; introduced meritocracy
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Vauban
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Minister of Fortifications in Louis XIV's Cabinet; introduces star-shaped fort
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Funds for Louis XIV's new standing profession army
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high agricultural taxes; taille - peasant tax; selling offices in gov't; the corvee; royal monopolies; tariff on imports; royal manufactories; reduces people in burueacracy
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War of Devolution (1667-1668)
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England, Sweden, Holland vs. France over Spanish netherlands; ends in stalement - status quo antebellum
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Treaty of Dover 1670
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treaty b/t France (Louis XIV) and England (Charles II); secret claws - work together to get rid of Netherlands from Europe
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Franco-Dutch War (1672-1679)
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William of Orange in Holland; Holland, HRE, Spain, Lorraine, Brandenburg vs. French (Louis XIV); French win
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League of Augsburg
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William of Orange creates this with Sweden, Holland, Austria, Saxony, Palatinate, Duchy of Savoy, and England b/c preparing against Louis XIV's power hunger
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Nine Years War (1689-1697)
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Catholic countries fight side-by-side with other religions against Louis XIV and his expansionism
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War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
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England, Holland, Austria, Portugal, Brandenburg vs. France, Spain, Bavaria; fought over the possible unification of Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch; Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714)
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Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714)
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concludes the War of Spanish Succession; Philip V keeps Spanish throne (House of Bourbon in Spain and France now); Spain's European empire taken away
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James I (UK)/ VI (Scots) (1603-1625)
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House of Stuart in England; presbyterian but becomes Anglican; full-out absolutist; divine right to rule;
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Hampton Court Conference (1604)
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to discuss religious changes in England; James rejects the Millinery Petition presented by Puritans hoping to purfiy the Church of England
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impositions
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because James I can't create taxes, "imposes" them with these
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Guy Fawkes
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attempted to assassinate James I; conspirators were all Catholic
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Charles I (1625-1649)
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succeeds James I in England; the "martyr"; forced loans; quartering groups; obsessed with absolutism
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forced loans
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what Charles I added to James' "impositions"
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The Petition of Right (1628)
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Parliament and King's rights are under British law; passed this to settle people down
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Charles Wentworth, Earl of Strafford
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Charles I's chancellor; Charles I turns gov't over to him when parliament isn't in session; "inland ship money"
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William Laud
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apponited Archbishop of Canterbury by Wentworth; ran the Anglican Church for Charles I
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Bishop's War (1639)
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Because Laud and Wentworth tried imposing Book of Common Prayer on Scots --> Scots rose up; Charles I forced to call the "short parliament" - Pym's grievances; "long parliament"; Charles must answer list of grievances
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La Republique
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Written by Jean Bodin (Fr.), republics don't work, need a true absolute monarchy
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Estates General
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France's tricameral legislature:
House of Nobles - controlled the most House of Clergy - Cardinals House of Commons |
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Parlement of Paris
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when King rules by decree (Estates General not in session), laws had to be registered at 12 parlements - Parlement of Paris had veto power
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Duke de Sully
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Minister of Finance in France under Henri IV; mercantilism
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corvee
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labor tax that says every French citizen must work for free for 5 days/yr for gov't
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James I (UK)/IV (Scots) (1603-1625)
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takes over English throne after Elizabeth; presbyterian but becomes Anglican at throne; full out absolutist
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Hampton Court Conference (1604)
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to discuss religious changes in England; James I ignores Millinery Petition presented by Puritans to purify the Anglican Church;
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impositions
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James knew he couldn't create taxes, so "imposed" fees instead
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Guy Fawkes
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tries to assassinate James I; all conspirators were Catholic
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Charles I (1625-1649)
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succeeds James I in England; the "martyr"; "forced loans", quartering troops
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The Petition of Right (1628)
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England; the Parliment and King's rights were under British law to settle people down
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Charles Wentworth
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Chancellor of Charles I; gov't turned over to him when parliament isn't in session; absolutism by any means; "inland ship money"
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William Laud
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named Archbishop of Canterbury by Wentworth; ran the Anglican church for the King
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Bishop's War (1639)
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because Laud and Wentworth tried to impose the Book of Common Prayer on the Scots --> Scots rose up; Charles I forced to call into session "the short parliament - Pym's grievances; "long parliament", king forced to answer list of grievances
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Irish Rebellion of 1641
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Irish rebel against British control; eventually leads to English Civil War
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Militia Ordinance (1642)
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Parliament passes this that seizes control of army from the king; frustrated with Charles I
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English Civil War (1642-1649)
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Royalists vs. Parliamentarians
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Oliver Cromwell
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parliament member who becomes amazing general; introduces Maurice of Nassau style fighting to England
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Commonwealth
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a republic, what England becomes after the English Civil War: abolished House of Lords, Anglican Church and the monarchy; Cromwell rules during this interregnum period of time
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"Lord Protector of the Commonwealth"
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Cromwell's title in 1652 after the English Civil War; becomes dictator of England from 1653-1658 (IRONY)
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Charles II (1660-1685)
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takes over after the "Commonwealth" in England; returns to old England; navigation acts, tighter colonial grip; Treaty of Dover (Fr. and Eng.); Great Fire of London and Bubonic Plague; religious tolerance
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Declaration of Indulgence (1671)
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Charles II decrees this; religious toleration to all Christians
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Test Act (1672)
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Parliament passes this in response to the Declaration of Indulgence - prevents anyone who isn't Anglican from entering gov't
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James Duke of York (1685)
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Catholic; overthrown in the Glorious Revolution; repeals Test Act; Declaration of Indulgence towards all Catholics; has son: James Stewart the "Old Pretender"
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Glorious Revolution 1688
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William and Mary overthrow James II of England; William of Orange led the army --> they become William III of England and Queen Mary II
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Treatises of Government (1690)
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John Locke; justified the Glorious Revolution; if gov't tramples on a person's God-given right, ppl have the right to protest and if needed, revolt
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Robert Walpole
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mid1700s; PM to both Georges of Hanover in Britain; is unofficial ruler of Britain for 22 yrs - corruption, patronage, but also order, stability, peace and economic prosperity
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Louis XV (1715-1774)
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regency under duc d'Orleans;
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John Law
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creates Bank of Paris and Mississippi Company but bubble bursts eventually and central banking is abandoned
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Charles VI
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Last male Hapsburg; daughter: Maria Theresa
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The Pragmatic Sanction
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recognizes Maria Theresa as ruler of all Hapsburg lands and HRE, even though she's married to Joseph II (House of Hapsburg-Lorraine)
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Frederick William, the "Great Elector" (1640-1688)
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Prussia; House of Hohenzollern; military man; noble and army dominated state
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Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg (1688-1713)
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Becomes king in Prussia also;artsy
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Frederick William I (1713-1740)
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military man
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Frederick II the "Great"
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military and artsy
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Austro-Hungarian War; Treaty of Carlowitz (1699)
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Ottomans lost most of Hungary and Transylvania
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Ivan III the "Great" (1462-1505)
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nation-founder of Russia; completes unification of Russia
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Ivan IV the "Terrible" (1533-1584)
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goes after "boyars" (nobles) and creates new nobles as well; oprichnina (secret police); shuts down Duma
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Mikhail Romanov (1613-1645)
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House of Romanov in Russia
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