Ap Euro Renaissance Id Cards

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Humanism

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the scholarly interest in the study of classical texts, values and styles of Greece and Rome. Humanism contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history

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New monarchs

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European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII and Ferdinand/Isabella

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Oligarchies

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Oligarchies and Signori spread across Italy at the same time. Oligarchies were small governing groups governing a land and people for their own purposes.

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Perspective

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the art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point.

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Popolo

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Because not anyone could be in the new class of urban nobility due to the criterea of property, years of residence, and social connections for citizenship in the communes only a few percent possessesd these qualifications. In attack, the Popolo, a new force who were disenfranchised and heavily taxed wanted places in the communes and equality of taxation. in the 13th century they used armed forces to take control of city and then established republic governments in Bologna, siena, Parma, florence, Genoa, etc. Though the popolo victory was a temporary succes and more failur as they practiced the same kind of political exclusivity like the nobles and coulnt establish civil order.

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Reconquista

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Wars of Northern Christian kingdoms to control entire Iberian peninsula with military and religous objectives. They wanted to convert or expel the Jews and Muslims, and wanted politcal control of the south. Also, in the mid 15th century Castile and Aragon won control of Novarre, Purtugal, Granada. The entire Iberian Peninsula with the exception of Granada had been won for Christianity.

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Scholasticism

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the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma.

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Secularism

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basic concern with the material world instead of with the external world of spirit. Though medieval business people searched for wealth, their dominant goals regarded life after death while in the Renaissance people were religous but focused on the here and now = materialism. For example, Christian doctrine frowned upon usurythough in the Renaissance practice of it baecame acceoptable. Secularism saw slow but steaady growth in 14th and 15th century Italy. Increase in trade and economic activity = secularism. Church leaders didnt attack secularism and in other words actually supported as renaissance popes beautified rome with artist and many structures that were buildt. New Papal chancellory, Saint Peters Basillica, etc. Though over people still remained faithful to church.Art had a religous focus proving this.

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Vernacular

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the everyday language of a region or country. Miguel de Cervantes, Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, and Martin Luther all encouraged the development of their national languages by writing in the vernacular. Erasmus however, continued to write in Latin

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conversos

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a Jew or Muslim who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendents.

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Papal states

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Pope was political and religious leader

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Dante Alighieri

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(1265-1321) A poet from Florence, wrote The Divine Comedy, helped to define the vernacular of what is now Italian

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G Boccaccio

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(1313-1375) An Italian poet and writer, wrote The Decameron-a collection of short stories that portrayed a worldly society, became supporter of Petrarch's ideas

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Michelangelo

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(1474-1564) A painter, sculptor, architect, and poet from Florence, a true "Renaissance Man," works include: The Creation of Man, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and sculptures (Pieta, David, Moses)

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B Castiglione

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Wrote the most influential education book, "The Courier" (1528) as he said that training, discimpline, and fasioning youngmen --> gentlemen. He said that upper class education should hve backgrounds in many academics topics along with spirtual and physical abiliites. Courtier should know or be familiar with how to dance, know music, and the arts. During the 16th and 17th century it was widley read and influenced the conduct of Elite making the model of a European gentleman.

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Cosimo De Medici

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the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance; also known as "Cosimo 'the Elder'" ("il Vecchio") and "Cosimo Pater Patriae" (Latin: 'father of the nation').

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Lorenzo De Medici

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(1449-1492) "Lorenzo the Magnificent," from Florence, a major patron of the arts, he was alleged to have been an immoral ruler

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Christine De Pisan

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prolific and versatile French poet and author whose diverse writings include numerous poems of courtly love, a biography of Charles V of France, and several works championing women.

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Pico Della Mirandola

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(1463-1494) An Italian humanist and writer, wrote On the Dignity of Man, which that man was made in the image of God before the fall, believed that there are no limits to what man can accomplish

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Desiderius Erasmus

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Mos famous and celebrated of all northern humanists
made new translations of Greek and Latin versions of the New Testamet to create 'purer' editions
Wrote In Praise of Folly

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Ferdinand of Aragon

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Married in 1479, which united Aragon and Castile into one Spanish nation. During their reign, they captured Granada from the Moors in 1492, took powers away from the Church courts and Spanish nobility, and forcibly united Spain along Catholic identity through the Inquisition.

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Giotto

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the first renaissance painter
used chiaroscuro

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Johann Gutenberg

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Inventor of the Gutenberg Press

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Henry VII

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1485-1509) ultimate victor of war of roses Restored power to English monarchy and founder of Tudor Dynasty

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Da Vinci

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(1452-1519) A painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist from Florence, experimented with new techniques and perspectives, The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, designed flying machines and tanks

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Louis XI

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son of Charles VII strengthened the bureaucracy, kept the nobles under control and promoted trade and agriculture , "the spider" A New Monarch. King who began the centralization of France.

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Machiavelli

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(1469-1527) A writer from Florence, The Prince-most important work on political science for centuries, "The end justifies the means."

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Thomas More

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Christian English 16th century humanists who trained as a laywerat at a monastery. He married and practiced laww then deeply became interested in the classics. He became an embassador to Flanders under Henry VII. He then wrote "Utopia" = no where. It was a perfect world of the New World mainlands were everyone recieved great education in the clasics and adult worked. In business, property meant absolute social equality. The use of gold to make pot was used, and also to pay off enemies from wars. The metal symbolized greed. He said that greed and property = vice and disorders. This was revolutionary as before it was said that vice and disorders = women and men corruption while he said that society protects private propertywhich is actually responsible fore corruption and war. he said that the key to reform of individual = institutaional reform.

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Francesco Petrarch

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(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

(1304-1374) The earliest advocate of Humanism, known as the "father of humanism", worked as a writer and studied Latin, from Italy

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Pope Julius II

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(r. 1503-1521) A very militaristic pope, rebuilt St. Peter's Basilica, patronized the greatest artists of the time

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Raphael

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(1483-1520) An Italian painter, used styles perfected in the 1400's to create beauty and serenity, The School of Athens

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Savonarola

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A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence from the paganism and the moral vice of the city

a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty

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Valla

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(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.

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Van Eyk

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Flemish Painter
Most famous: Ghent ALtarpies adn Arnolfini and his wife