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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Crimean War
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dispute between Russian Christians and French Christians over privileges in Holy Land
Nicholas: Russia occupies Turkish controlled provinces along Danube, Turks declare war, Britain and France join Ends in Four Points: Russia denounce claims to provinces on Danube, etc. |
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2nd Industrial Revolution
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Last part of 19th Century
Steel production Oil Electricity Chemicals (ROSE) |
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Florence Nightingale
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1820-1910
British nurse, pioneer in modern nursing More men died of disease than wounds "Light Brigade" tended to troops |
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Conservatism
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appealed to upper classes and peasants wwho were frightened by the violence and terror of French Revolution
Bourgeoisie posed biggest threat to conservatism Burke's "Reflections" most famous defense of conservatism |
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Second Frnech Republic
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1848-1852
Unicameral legislature Universal male suffrage popularly elected, strong executive vote Louis Napoleon |
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Edwin Chatwick
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most important reformer of living conditions in cities
Public Health Movement |
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Louis Napoleon
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Second French Republic
voters saw symbol of stability and greatness, lived outside of France, made concessions to conservatives, including Falloux Law made Emperor in 1852, with plebiscite |
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Commercial Revolution
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1500-1700
Revolution in Commerce |
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Falloux Law
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France
control of education given to Church for its support (by Louis Napoleon) |
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Public Health Movement
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saw disease and death as CAUSES of poverty
influenced by Bentham's utilitarianism Edwin Chatwick |
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Syllabus of Errors
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Pope Pius IX issues, condemning Liberalism EVERYWHERE in response to Louis Napoleon returning education to the state
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Carlsbad Diet
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1819 Metternich calls together this
Carlsbad Decree: materials that advocated unification were censored Liberals driven underground |
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King Victor Emmanuel
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of Sardinia Piedmont
Italian Unification |
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Georges von Haussmann
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ubran planning, public transportation
redeveloped Paris: bigger blvds (prevent barricades) better middle-class housing on city, demolition of slums, creation of parks, open spaces, aqueducts |
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Il Risorgimento
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propaganda newspaper in support of Emmanuel, unified Italy
written by nationalist Cavour |
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Louis XV
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1715-1774
great grandson of Louis XIV Nobility gained influence during his reign Influeneced by ministers and mistresses Undermined monarchy |
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Garibaldi
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liberated Southern Italy and Sicily with 1000 Red Shirts, allowed conquest to be absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmont
Italian Unification |
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Louis Pasteur
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(1822-1895)
Germ theory pasteurization: fermentation caused by growth of living organisms suppressed by heating beverage |
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Otto von Bismarck
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led one for Prussian unified Germany
Junker background obsessed with power issued Gap theory |
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Decembrist Umprising
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Jnior military officers of Russia wanted constitutional government, prevent Nick from taking power
Crushed |
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Gap theory
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gained Bismarck favor with King: if king and legislature came to a stalemate, then king gets to decide since he granted the constitution
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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1834-1907
devised Periodic Table, rules of chemistry |
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Prussian-Danish War
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1863
Germany defeat Denmark, take control of Schleswig and Holstein jointly administered by Austtria and Prussia led to conflict |
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Protoindustrialism
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Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, etc
Machines get too big for cottage |
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Austro-Prussian War
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precipitated by Danish-Prussian war
German Civil war Bismarck got France, Italy, Russia noninterference, used superior army to beat Austria |
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Michael Faraday
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1791-1867
first dynamo (electric generator) 1830s discovers in electromagnetism |
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Reichstag
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bicameral German parliament, made up of Bundestag and Bundestrat
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Liberalism
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first major theory in Western thought, saw individual as self sufficient, freedom and well being sole reason for existence in society
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Bundestag
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lower house elected by universal male suffrage
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August Comte
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1798-1857
father of sociology positivism: all intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages |
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Bundestrat
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upper house, a representative from each state shared power equally. Of Reichstag, German parliament
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Madame de Pompadour
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Influenced Louis XV regarding appointments, foreign policy
Most famous mistress |
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Franco-Prussian War
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1870-71
Bismarkc provoked war with Ems Dispatch France easily defeated, Paris falls, Napoloeon III captured |
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positivism
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August Comte
all intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages humans can discover eternal laws of human relations society can be regulated for benefit of all |
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Ems Dispatch
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bismarcks note to make France go to war with Prussia
telegraph: his version of meeting between King and French minister: LIES |
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Ricardo
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Iron Law of Wages
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Austro-Hungarian Empire
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Czech and Hungarian want autonomy, given comproise through Ausgleich
Hungary and Austria cooperate |
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Thomas Huxley
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Dawin's Bulldog, biggest supporter
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Ausgleich
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creation of Austro-Hungarian Empire
Hungarians get own assembly, cabinet, administrative system |
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Bubble Act
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respected to allow creation of joint-stock companies
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Sigmund Freud
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1856-1936
psychoanalysis: hysteria resulted from repressed childhood feelings deal with iht with hypnosis, free association humans irrational creatures (anti-Enlightenment) ID (subconcious) not subject to reason sexuality is key driving force |
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Iron Law of Wages
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Ricardo
wages will rise ONLY to substinence level |
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Darwin
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1859: "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"
Theory of Eveolution |
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Parlement
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high court of France
Restore power to approve or disapprove king's decrees judge once members of middle class who bought offices, felt no obligation to king Refused to allow Louis XV to raise taxes to pay for War of Austrian Succession |
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Darwin
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1859: "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"
Theory of Eveolution |
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Ulititarianism
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Jeremy Bentham
utility of any law or institution should be based on whether it provides "Greatest good for greatest number" supported poor laws |
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Herbert Spencer
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social dawinism
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Lowes Act
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allowed for limited liability for business owners
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social darwinism
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Herbert Spencer
middle class support, industrialist support |
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On Liberty
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John Stuart Mill
Absolute freedom of opinion should be protected from censorship and tyranny of majority |
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Marie Curie
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1867-1934: discovered first radioactive element in 1934: radium, with help from Pierre (husband)
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Rene de Maupeou
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Louis XV appointed as chancellor and ordered him to subdue judicial opposition
Abolished Parlement Royal-friendly Parlement created |
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Einstein
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(1879-1955)
1905: Theory of Relativity of time and space time and space RELATIVE to observer: only speed of light is constant: no absolute truth |
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Nationalism
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cultural self unity, government
common beliefs caused by comon language, history, etc French Rev, Napoleonic Wars |
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Realism
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Belief that literature and art should depict life as it really was
something of reaction to failed revolutions of 1848, loss of idealism, romanticism Honore de Balzac |
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James Watt
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1769
First efficient steam engine Chemist, new steam engine Moved condenser to fix it Most fundamental advance in technology Steam power replace water power in mills Radical changes in manufacturing, transport |
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Honore de Balzac
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1799-1859
"Human Comedy" depicts urban society as grasping, amoral, brutal society by Darwinian struggle for health |
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Greek Revolution
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1821-1829
Enland, France, Russia join greeks to defeat Egyptian, Ottoman forces (because of religion) |
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Gustave Flaubert
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(1821-1850)
"Madame Bovary" privincial middle-class as petty, smub, hypocritical |
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Louis XVI
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1774-1792
grandson of Louis XV dismissed Maupeou repudiated his rules Old Parlement of Paris reinstituted Public hoped for reforms, more representative government |
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Emile Zola
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(1840-1902)
"Germinal" showed hard life of young miners in southern France portayed seemy, animalistic view of working class |
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Eastern Question
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who would fill void when Ottomans (Sick old man of Europe) lost European territory?
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Emile Zola
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(1840-1902)
"Germinal" showed hard life of young miners in southern France portayed seemy, animalistic view of working class |
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Henry Cort
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Puddling Furnace
pig iron refined with coke 1850 England produced half of world's iron |
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George Eliot
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Mary Ann Evans
1819-1880 examined ways that people are shaped by their class as well as inner starvings, conflict, moral choices |
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Treaty of Adrianople
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Greek autonomy recognized after Russians defeateed Ottomans
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Thomas Hardy
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1840-1925
"Tess of the d'Urbervilles" portrayed woman who was ostracized for having premarital sex |
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3 Estates
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1st: clergy
2nd: nobility 3rd: everyone else (bourgeoisie) Social structure in France |
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Leo Tolstoy
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1828-1910
greatest Russian realist Fatalistic view of history: BUT regarded lvoe, trrust, fmily as life's enduring values "War and PEace" story of Russian society during Napolonic Wars |
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Louis Philippe
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Bourgeoisie king of France, led them in July Revolution of 1830
Led constitutional monarchy: Orleans family France now controlled by bourgeosis bankers/businessmen |
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Henrik Ibsen
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1828-1906
father of modern drama: "A Doll's House" conditions o life and issues of morality: at odds with Victorian views |
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Duke of Bridgewater
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forefront of canal movement
Canals connect other waterways, railroads |
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"the Gleaners"
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realist painting by Francois Millet of women picking food from fields
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Guiseppe Mazzini
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Italy
Carbonari advocated nationalism He led secret revolutionary society known as Young Italy which was crushed |
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Edgar Degas
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"Laundry Girls Ironing"
realist painting |
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Gallacian Church
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owned 20% of land, exempted from taxes
Aristocrats within church got money: local parishes suffer |
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Eduard Manet
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first modernist painter
bridged realism to impressionism shocking portayal of female nudes Luncheon on the Grass" Park setting, female nude "Olympia" casual nude portrayal of prostitute |
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Tories
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Liberal English political faction
Reform minded |
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Impressionism
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began with Manet in France
impact of photography: painters could not be THAT accurate, instead tried to capture momentary overall feeling or impression of light falling on a scene before their eyes focused on landscapes, paintings completed quickly, brushstrokes visible, oil paints in tubes made outdoor painting possible |
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John McAdam
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hard-surfaced roads
bigger in over-land travel |
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Claude Monet
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"Impression Sunrise"
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Whig
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Egnlish political group
Earl Grey is one |
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Cubism
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zigzagging lines, overlapping planes, nonrepresentational art
post impressionism started by Picasso |
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Bourgeoise
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demanded political power, reflect econmic power and contribution
resented 1st and 2nd estate who had all economic responsibility |
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Expressionism
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1910: ultimate form of abstact
Russian Wassily Kandinsky Composition VII no nature: non figural paintings colors express emotion and symbolism, not recognizable form |
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Earl Grey
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British Prime MInister 1830
support from middle class doubled franchise from 6 to 12 percent |
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Composition VII
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Wassily Kandinsky
expressionist painting completely torn from nature: non figural painting |
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Robert Fulton
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Clermont
2-way river transport possible |
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Corn Laws
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repealed in 1846
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Jacques Necker
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Louis XVI appointed as director of finances
tried to tax nobility blocked by Paris Parlement |
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Anto-Corn Law LEague
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formed by Richard Cobden and John Bright and argued for lower food prices
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Proletariat
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New class of factory workers in industrial society
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Revolutions of 1848
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Only Brits, Russians avoided upheavals
Neither conservatives nor liberals gained final upper hand End of serfdom in Austriia and Germany, universal male suffrage in France Parliaments in some German sstates, unification movement in ITaly |
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Assembly of Notables
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Louis XVI summoned in 1787
thought assembly would agree with new tax sysstem, end own tax exemption Assembly demanded control over government spending (to nobles) |
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Second French Republic
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led by Lamartine (liberal allied bourgeosise)
Emerged from February Revolution in France Louis Blanc socialist leader demanded work for unemployed national workshops craeted other reforms |
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Frederick Engles
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1820-1895
"Condition of Working Class in England" Blamed middle class for exploiting proletariat Later became revolutionary with Karl Marx |
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Garibaldi
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protected Mazinni (young italy) and Roman Republic
Professional revolutionary Led Red Shirts |
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lettre de Cachet
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freedom from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment
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Louis Kossuth
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Magyar (hungarian) leader
demanded independence Cacech inh Bohemia declared autonomy 3 northern Italian provinces to doo Hungarian armies make it to Vienna (Metternich fled city) Authority restored |
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Luddites
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Northern England
violent group of angry workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs beginning in 1812 attacked factories and destroyed new machinery they believed was putting them out of work |
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Magyar
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Led by Louis Kossuth
Hungarians |
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Estates general
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July 5, 1778, to be convened following spring
King asked everyone to study situation Only called before in 1302 and 1614 |
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Frakfurt Parliament
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Liberals, nationalist, romantic leaders meet in 1848 and call for elections
Bund to unify for a Constitutional monarchy, Prussian king as king fails |
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Combination Acts
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1799
prohibited labor unions reaction inspired by fear of something like French Revolution occurring in England ignored by most repealed in 1824, unions became tolerated by 1825 (part of society |
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Frderick William IV
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Frankfurt Parliament wanted him as their constitutional king
he rejects it, claiming divine right, etc. |
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Cahiers de doleances
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each estate's list of greivances
common agreements of all three estates: france=constitutional monarchy, liberties guaranteed by law, parish clergy improved, elimination of internal trade barriers |
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Humiliation of Olmutz
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Prussia forced to drop plan for German unification, left Austria as dominant state in the Bund
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Robert Owen
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1771-1858
1834: Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Scottish industrialist: firm discipline with real concern for workers conditions made a school for workers children at his own expense |
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Romanticism
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emphasis on human emotion, senses, faith
rejected Enlightenment view of nature as prcise harmonious whole Rejected Deism Encouraged personal freedom |
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Abbe de Sieyes
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"What is The Third Estate"
claimed it had power in France nobility should be abolished "Social contract" |
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Sturm and Drang
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storm and stress
Used by German romantics to communicate emotional intensity |
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The Chartists
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Labor concessions through political democracy
Universal male suffrage |
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Hegel
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(and Whilhem?)
German idealist Dialectic: thessis, antithesis, synthesis |
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Age of Montesquieu
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first phase of revolution
National Asssembly Constitution, ends feudalism |
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Dialectic
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Hegel
Thesis: initial idea Antithesis: opposing view, clash Synthesis: hybrid of 2 ideas |
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Saddler Commission
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Investigated working conditions, helped initiate legislation (by parliament) to improve conditions in factories
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Wordsworth
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"Tinturn Abbey"
Romantic poet from England |
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National Assembly
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June 1789, 3rd Esatste meeting, leave Estates General, meet at tennis court, wrote constitution
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Coleridge
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Rim of Ancient Mariner
Brother in law to Wordworth English romantic poet Inflfuenced by Rosseau Ordinary language to idealize simple subjects |
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Factory Act
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1833
Limited workday for children 1-13 to 8 hours a day ages 14-18 limited to 12 hours a day Can't hire children under 9 Attend elementary schools factory owners required to establish |
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Lord Byron
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"Don Juan"
"She Walks in Beauty..." Fought in Italy against Austria for Carbonari Died fighting in war for Greek independence |
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Tennis Court Oath
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assumed soverign control over the nation
National Assembly would not leave until France had a constitution |
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Shelley
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"Prometheus Unbound" tells story of revelot of humans against repressive society
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Credit Moblier
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best example of an Industrial bank
In France |
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Goethe
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"Faust"
Seemed to criticize excesses of romanticism Fiaust sold his soul to devil to experience every human emotion "Sorrows of Young Werther" Good character, bad circumstances, romantic hero |
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Storming of the Bastille
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Reaction in Paris to shortagesof bread
Parisians believed army was going to be used to squash them, subjugation and grain speciulators Pissed at Marie Antotonette for garmet industry |
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Victor Hugo
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Hunchback of Notre Dame
Les Miserables Romanticism through strange settings, human emotions |
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Mines Act of 1842
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Prohibited boys and girls under the age of 10 from working underground
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Eugene Delacroix
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"Liberty Leading the People" (in French Revolution)
Viva la Vida Romantic artists |
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The Great Fear
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1789
spirit of rebellion in Paris spread to countryside, violence peasants attacked manor houses and destroy legal records of fuedal obligations |
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Beethoven
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bridge between classical and romantic music
human voices in symphony (ode to joy) first composers not limited by patronage inner human emotion in music |
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Manchester
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birth of factory towns: cities grew into large industrial centers
largest population growth in human history |
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Frederic Chopin
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showcased Polish folk songs and dances
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Declaration of the Rights of Man (And Citizen)
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Thomas Paine, due process
CONSTITUTION OF FRANCE BY NATIONAL ASSEMBLY everyone is a citizen |
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Franz Liszt
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native Hungarian musician
Hungaian Rhapsody Piano virtuoso (greatest) in mid 19th Century symphonic poem: single movement |
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Irish Potato Famine
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1845-1846 crop failure, again in 1848, 1851
Fever epidemics Food price up, suffereing, social unrest 1.5 million dead/went unborn 1840-1855 2 million left Ireland, went to US, Britain |
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Antonin Dvorak
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Folk music of Bohemia
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Olympe de Gouges
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"Rights of Women"
replaced the word man with woman in "Rights of Man" |
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Guiseppi Verdi
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greatest Italian opea composer
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Rights of Women
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Olympe de Gouges
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Richard Wagner
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Greatest German Opea composter: German myths, legends, Verdi considered greatest opera composer of 19th Century
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Mary Wollestonecraft
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"Vindication of the Rights of Women"
similar to Gouges, feminist |
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Socialism
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desire for new sense of community
increasing misery of working class republicanism: capitalism, promote selfishness, social fragmentation no broad support for social justice until 19th Century |
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Madame de Steel
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salon
deplored subordination of women, angry revolution changed nothing feminist |
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Charler Fourier
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argued for planned economy and socialist communes
described socialist utopia in mathematical detail supported emancipation of women |
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Women's March
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to Versailles
peasant women, incited by JEAN PAUL MARAT 7000 women kill National Guard (from Paris) to address economic problems |
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Friedrich Engles
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helped develop Marxism
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Refractory Clergy
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respond to Civil Constitution of Clergy in 1790
divided church into 83 bishops and diocese forbidden to be loyal to pope supported by king, aristorctats, peasants |
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Karl Marx
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Marxism
Communist Mannifesto: socialist bible Replace utopian hopes with militant blueprint for working class success by dialectical materialism |
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assignats
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new paper currency
worthless |
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COmmunist Manifesto
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By Karl Marx
Socialist Bible Dialectical Materialism |
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flight to varennes
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Royals attempt to escape France for noble and foreign aid in counter revolution
failed, forced to accept constitutional monarchy |
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Dialectical Materialism
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economic interpretation of history
class struggle theory of surplus value extra profit after labor is "stolen" socialism is inevitable classless society "from each according to his abilities to each according to his needs" |
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Edmund Burke
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"Reflection on the Revolution in France"
predictded anarchy and despotism intellectual defense of European conservatism |
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Thomas Paine
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"Rights of Man"
response to Burke's arguments Enlightemnet principles, triumph of liberty |
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Jacobins
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republican political club, dominate legislative assembly
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Girondins
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left wing of Revolution, part of Jacobins
passionately committed to Revolution |
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Emigres
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French nobles who had fled France in 1789, influence Austria and Prusia to help restore French monarchy
Leopold II annoyed |
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Declaration of Pillnitz
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Leopold II get rid of nobles
intended to slow revolution Austria and Prusia would send toops if order not restored made war more tempting to French revolutionaries |
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Robespierre
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Brunswick Manifesto, Prussia and Austria threateded to destroy Paris if king harmed
incited mob violence reigned terror |
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Paris Commune
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revolutionary provisional government, usurped power from Legislative assembly
led by Danton radicals, Constitution new elections, universal male suffrage, new national currency |
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Danton
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led Paris Commune
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September Massacres
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led by Paris Commune
Rumors spread, imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats and refractory priests plotting with foreign invaders Mobs slaughter over 1,000 priests, bourgeoisie |
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Age of Rosseau
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1792-1799
National Convention 1792-1795 most of members of National Convention were Jacobins and Republicans |
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sans-culottes
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radical members of working class
more of an econimic agenda than political one influence National Convention skilled at inciting violence |
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Moutain
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led by Robespierre
radical urbanites Girondins |
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Enrages
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leaders of radical working lcass in Paris
Arrested 31 Girondins, many left Paris to work against revolutionary government "Death of Marat" :: Charlotte Corday murdered him |
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Committee of Public Safety
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1793-1794
led by ROBESPIERRE emergency government national convention abolished Robespierre influence by Rosseau, fanatic of revolutionary idealism worked with sans culottes Leader: Louis Saint-Just Law of Maximum, planned economy |
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Levee en masse
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whole country conscripted to army, largest army in European history
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Reign of Terror
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1793-1794
Law of Suspects accused enemies of revolutionary tried in front of Revolutionary Tribunal tried for treason: Louis XVI, 40,000 guillotined, 300,000 imprisoned |
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Cult of Supreme Being
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Deistic, naturalistic religion which recognized existence of God and immortality of human soul
Notre Dame Cathedral changed into TEMPLE OF REASON |
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The Directory
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1795-1799
new republican constitution assembly chose 5-member exectuive to govern direcotry almost all adult members could vote, not hold office (reserved for property owners) |
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Conspiracy of Equals
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Led by Gracchus Babeuf
Overthrew Directory to replace it with dictatorial "democratism" Communism |
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Consulate Era
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new constitution
Napoleon overthrew directory, did away with legislative assembly |
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Plebiscite
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general referendum (poll)
approve Napoleon's actions HUGE support |
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Italian descent
French family from Corsica Military genius (specialized in artillery) Enlightenment, supported Revolution, Jacobins Rapidly advance in army: talented, many vacancies to emigres RULER DICTATOR OF FRANCE |
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Napoleonic Code
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Legal unity
CDodification of French law Criminally commercial, penal Emphasize protection of private property Central gov. unity |
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Concordat of 1801
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Pope renounce claim to Church property lost in early years of Revolution (peasants divided alleigence)
Refractory clergy could replace priests who had taken oath of loyalty to state Catholic freedom of worship Replaced Revolutionary Calendar Appoint as many Protestants as Catholics |
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Treaty of Luneville
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Bratain moved off of European continent
Austria lost Italian possessions to Napoleon German territory on West bank of Rhine given to France Russia tried to get foothold in Mediterranean, withdrew after British blockade |
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Battle of Trafalgar
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French and Spanish fleets defeated by British navy, Horatio Nelson killed
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Battle of Austerlitz
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Moravia, Alexander I pulled Russian troops out, Austria was forced to give up much territory in exchange for peace
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Arch de Triomphe
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built in 1806 to commemorate victory in Austerlitz
Roman times 3rd Coalition Collapsed |
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Treaty of Tilsit
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1807
Prussia ceded land to France (1/2 its population) Russia accepts Napolon's dominance of Western, Central Europe Accept Napolon's continental system (against English) |
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Confederation of the Rhine
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Napoleon consolidated 300 soverign states into 15 (Germany)
Did not include Austria, Prussia, Saxony Napolon's title is protector HRE abolished (in Gremany) |
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Continental System
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economic warfare against Britain
stalemate in 1805 starve another out French made of Berlin and Milarn Decree Brits: order of council |
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Berlin Decree
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Napolon closed continents ports to British ships
All big trading powers |
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Orders in Council
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Close ports under British control to French neutral ships confiscated if going to trade with continent
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Milan Decree
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Neutral ships tro Britain from it boarded by Brits, confiscated violate US neutral rights at sea
War of 1812 |
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Peninsular War
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1808-1814
Portugal violated continental system Napolon sent army through Spain Reserved king Spain waged guerilla warfare against French troops, all classes involved First revolt against Napoloeon's power |
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Duke of Wellington
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from Britain to help fight Peninsular war
Hundred Days: defeated Napoleon at Waterloo |
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Battle of Bordino
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Ended in draw: Russians retreat
Scorched earth policy France started with 600,000 ended with 30,000 Burn Moscow: effective |
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War of 4th Coalition
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Battle of Leipzip
1813-1814 Frankfurt Proposal Quadruple alliance (beginning of end) |
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battle of Leipzig
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Battle of Nations
Largest battle until 20th century Napoloen loses 500,000, refuses to accept peace terms |
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Frankfurt Poposals
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France reduced to boundaries of 1792, Napolon could remain in power
napoloen refuses |
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Quadruple Alliance
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1814
Napoleon forced to abdicate Bourbns restored to French throne |
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Louis XVIII
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Brother of Louis XVI
New mConsitituionfor France Ran away when Napoloen returned |
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Charter of 1814
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first Constitution offered by a monarch
Louis XVIII, came after Napoleon left Napoloen's reforms |
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Elba
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Where Napoleon was exiled
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Horatio Nelson
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British patriot fighter, killed 9in Battle of Traflagar
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Congress of Vienna
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Sept 1814 - June 1815
Austria, England, Russia, Prussia Big negotiatioins metternich there |
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Metternich
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conservative, from Austria
Opposed to liberal and reformed ideas because impact on Austria woudl be devastating Particularly vulnerable to nationalistic movements Offered Frankfurt Proposals |
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Alexander I
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Rulerof Russia, Congress of Vienna
Fought Napoleon |
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German Confederation
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Bund
Now 39 states Austria the President of the Diet of the Confederation After Congress of Vienna |
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Waterloo
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Napoleon defeated for the last time by Duke of Wellington
Belgium |
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Concert of Europe
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1815-48
Guarantee enforcement of peace of Vienna Very conservative Two parts: Quadruple alliance (enforcer) Congress system: diplomatic, guardians |
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Holy Alliance
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by Czar Alexander I
All monarch to sign statement to uphold Christian principles of charity, eace throughout Europe No one took it seriously Pope, Ottomans, Brits refuse to sign Liberals saw it as obstacle to liberty and progress |
