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317 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes the northern Italian Renaissance different from southern Italian Renaissance?
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Greater concern with religious piety
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Why were women more likely accused of witchcraft than men?
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They were thought of as more vulnerable to temptation
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Which group was instrumental in ending the Wars of Religion in Fr.?
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politiques
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Lorenzo Valla
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exemplified application of scholarly criticism to textual authority
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The leader of the Catholic church
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readily adopted the Ren. spirit
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Two beliefs of Erasumus
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philosophy of christ, education as a tool for reform
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Spanish Inquisition
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Introduced by Ferdinand + Isabella to handle the problem of backsliding conversos
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According to Luther, salvation…
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comes from God's free gift of grace
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Charles V's vast empire was…
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a diverse collection of states, each w/ its own local laws but subject to imperial constitution
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John Knox
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Dominated Scottish Reformation
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AS a result of the Peace of Augsburg. ppl. of Germany could…
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practice either Lutheranism or Calvinism depending upon the preference of their prince
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The Protestant Reformation in Germany…
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contributed to its fragmentation
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Central principle of Calvinism
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predestination
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Why were Anabaptists widely disliked/oppressed?
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Believed in strict separation of church + state.
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In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII divorced who?
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Catherine of Aragon
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The pope refused to annul Henry VIII's 1st marriage for all of the following reasons except…
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Henry's case for annulment had no justifiable basis in canon law
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The parliamentary acts that removed the English church from the papal jurisdictions…
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were probably misunderstood by most members of Parliament
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Elizabeth's I religious policy
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was a middle course btwn. Catholic and Protestant extremes
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In the wars that accompanied the Prot. Ref. in Germany, Charles V battled…
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French and German princes
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The Council of Trent's accomplishments were
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most notable in the area of church discipline
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15th C. Europeans were forced to look westward b/c of territorial expansion by the…
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Ottoman Turks
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In the mid-16th cen. where was the commercial capital of Europe?
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Antwerp
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According to the text, the influx from the New World into Spain…
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had no direct correlation to the inflationary spiral
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How were 16th and 17th century wars different from earlier ones?
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armies were larger and more expensive
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre exemplified what?
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hatred btwn. French Catholics and Protestants
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Primary cause of Revolt of the Neth.?
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high taxes
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What was not a reason for Elizabeth I's intervention in the Neth. Revolt?
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Impact of inflation on the Spanish economy.
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What ended Spanish attempts to subdue the Revolt of the Neth.?
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Failure of the Spanish armada
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During the French (international) phase of the 30 Yrs War…
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the Fr. supported the Protestants
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Who "won" the 30 Yrs. War?
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France
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Baroque art
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was intended to kindle the faith of the common people
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Columbus considered native Americans to be:
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timid, intelligent, and generous
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Since 1438 which families gained election as Holy Roman Emp.?
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Habsburgs
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Who was not a member of the family of Henry VIII of Eng.?
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Catherin de Medici
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Loyola is noted for all of the following except:
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Urged ecumenical embrace of all Protestant sects
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politique
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practiced religious conciliation
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Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists shared all the following except"
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belief in transubstantiation during the Eucharist
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1555 - What did the Peace of Augsburg leave unresolved?
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the place of Calvinism in the religious settlement
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Where was Calvinism not influential?
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Spain
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Who held a communion service that was merely symbolic of Christ's presence?
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Accomplishment of Catherine the Great
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Annexed part of Poland + increased size of Russia
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What did Enlightened monarch not believe in?
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democracy
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satirists who wished to reform society and humanity
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Philosophes
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1st astronomer to prove his theories through the use of mathematical equations
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Kepler
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examples of later Enlightenment trend of rigid systems
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D'Holbach, Hume, and Rousseau
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French philosopher who rejected his contemporaries and whose writings influenced the romantic movement
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Rousseau
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Frederick II is considered an Enlightened monarch because…
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he wrote poetry and improved the legal and bureaucratic systems
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Catherine the Great of Russia hardened her position on serfdom after the…
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Pugachev rebellion
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Result of Louis XIV's death
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French gov. struggled w/ severe $ problems
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Who used the War of the Austrian Succession to expand Prussia?
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Frederick II
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Francis Bacon
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empiricism
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According to Descartes the world consists of two parts:
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physical and spiritual
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16th and 17th scientific theories led to a European concept of the universe as…
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governed by natural laws
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Meaning of Louis XV's quote "After me the deluge."
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France faced financial and political crisis that could not be avoided anymore
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Who partioned Poland?
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Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
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Accomplishments of Frederick II
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territorial expansion, judicial + bureaucratic reform, reconstruction of agri. + indus., promotion of education
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Before 1500, science was primarily a branch of
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theology
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What was not an Enlightenment trend?
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Religion too could be analyzed using Enlightenment theories, and eventually religious truth could be known
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astronomers that contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view
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Copernivus, Galileo, Kepler, Brahe
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Copernicus theory of the universe
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sun-centered view of universe
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Who created the theory of inertia?
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Galileo
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Key to Newton's system
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law of universal gravitation
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One of the few attempts to link theoretical and applied science took place at…
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Gresham College
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Emphasis of empiricism
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the actual observation of phenomena
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Two men credited for creating sci. method
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Descartes and Bacon
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Purpose of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
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Fontenelle - popularize the findings of Sci. Rev.
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Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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John Locke - human development is determined by education + society.
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Reading revolution
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The shift from reading out loud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.
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Who reduced all substances down to mind and matter?
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Descartes
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Spirit of Laws argued for what?
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separation of governmental powers
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Voltaire's attitude toward government
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a good monarch was the best one could hope for
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System of Nature
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D'Holbach - presented a mechanistic, atheistic philosophy
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goal of Encyclopedia
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change the general way of thinking
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Belief of Madame du Châelet
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women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
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Rousseau's general will =
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authentic, long-term needs of the ppl. can be interpreted by a farseeing minority.
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Outcome of Joseph II's abolition of serfdom in Austria - 1781
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Reinstated after his death in 1790
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Parlement of Paris =
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A high court
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Progress of Human Mind
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Tracked nine stages of human development.
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What was not an Enlightened policy of Frederick II of Prussia?
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freeing the Prussian serfs
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Immanuel Kant argued for what?
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Freedom of the press.
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To improve the lives of rural peasant, Maria Theresa…
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reduced Nobles' power over their serfs
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Reaction to Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
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Was rejected by nobles and peasants
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Mendelssohn argued that…
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reason could complement and strengthen religion
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Voltaire was most outspoken and vehement in his denunciation of…
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The Roman Catholic Church
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At whose 18th C court did Voltaire become "philosopher in residence" ?
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Frederick the Great
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18th C liberals stressed
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equality of opportunity
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Which came 1st: National Assembly, execution of Louis XVI, American BOR, or 7 YRS War?
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American Bill of Rights
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1789 - Abbé Sieyès argued that France should ruled by…
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the people
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1799 - Abbé Sieyès argued that France should be ruled by…
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a strong military leader
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In the 1st stage of the Rev., France established…
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a constitutional monarchy
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Reflections on the Rev. in France is a defense of…
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the English monarchy and aristocracy
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France - Who didn't generally support 18th C liberalism?
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The masses
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What % of French budget was spent to finance the king and his court at Versailles?
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6%
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For Fr. peasants, the Rev. of 1789 initially meant…
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few, if any, gains
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Some historians have questioned the traditional interpretation of the Fr. Rev. by arguing that…
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The nobility and bourgeoisie had common pol. and eco. Interests.
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France - The group that met in 1787 is discuss tax reform was the
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Assembly of Notables
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The Declaration of Pillnitz
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was issued by Austria and Prussia to intimidate French revolutionaries
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3 Estates of the Old Regime
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Clergy, nobility, and everyone else
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The major factor in the $ collapse of the Fr. gov. on the eve of the rev.
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War costs
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The primary problem facing Louis XVI in the late 1780's was
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The poverty of the Fr. Nation
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The republic proclaimed by the National Convention in 1792 sought to
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create a new and popular culture and break with the past
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Des Moulin
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French writer and original supported of Robespierre.
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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Church was made a department of state
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The Great Fear had its origins in
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The hatred of feudalism by the peasants
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Reflections of the Revolution in France defended what?
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inherited privileges
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Liberalism appealed to ambitious bourgeoisie and…
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much of aristocracy/hereditary nobility
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The grievance petitions from all three estates called for all of the following except:
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an American-style republic.
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What event turned the political contest in Fr. Into a Rev.?
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storming of the Bastille
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The Great Fear resulted in
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the abolition of feudalism
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The National Assembly's efforts to reorganize the Catholic Church resulted in
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deep division within both the country and the clergy
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During the September Massacres
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Parisian crowds slaughtered prison inmates
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Who drove the Rev. forward?
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Laboring men and women of Paris.
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The Thermidorian reaction was the golden age of the
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respectable middle class
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The 1st successful revolt against Napoleon began in 1808 in
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Spain
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Napoleon's plans to invade Britain was scrapped as a result of
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The Battle of Trafalgar
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The Confederation of the Rhine
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The abolition of many tiny German states and the Old Holy Roman Empire and the reorganization of 15 German states by Napoleon.
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Napoleon was determined to subdue the British using his political control of Euro. to
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destroy British trade w/ Europe
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True/false: Napoleon's Corsican family was very wealthy.
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False.
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True/false: The Concordat of 1801 was rejected soundly by Pope Pius VII
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False.
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True/false: The Russian Campaign of 1812 contained only French soldiers.
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False.
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National Convention
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The third estate of the Estates General; broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.
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Danton
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Led the Mountains with Robespierre, also executed with Robespierre.
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David
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Napoleon's painter, painted the famous protrain of Napoleon's coronation.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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Written by the National Convention; declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.
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Gabelle
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Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France; included in the Estate's list of grievances.
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Girondists and Mountains
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Two halves of the divided National Convention.
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Intendants
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Created by Napoleon; kept watch over their own area of France; allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems.
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Louis XVI
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King of France; executed for treason by the National Convention; absolute monarch; husband of Marie Antoinette
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Marie Antoinette
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Louis XVI's wife; executed.
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Sans-culottes
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Petty laborers and laboring poor; wore pants not knee breeches; became a major political group in revolutionary France.
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Napoleonic Code
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Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed as reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat.
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Rosetta Stone
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Founded by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.
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Metternich
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Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.
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Niccoló Machiavelli
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A Renaissance Italian political theorist. His major theory is that rulers are most successful when they inspire FEAR in the subjects. Wanted to urge rulers to use ruthless methods to keep out foreign conquerors of Italy.
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Thomas Hobbes
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Scientific Revolution thinker. Believed that human nature was BRUTAL and CORRUPT. Advocated ABSOLUTIST government as "necessary" to control subjects.
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Emperor Charles V
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Holy Roman Empire. Called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, directed Diet of Augsburg, and proclaimed the Peace of Augsburg. Basically, he ended the Italian Renaissance and tried to stop the Reformation but eventually made peace with the Lutherans
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Peace of Augsburg
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1555. (Age of Religious Wars) The RULER of a land determines its RELIGION. Granted for LUTHERANS, but not for Calvinists until end of the 30 Years' War.
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Treaty of Westphalia
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1648. ENDED 30 YEARS' WAR. Restated Peace of Augsburg and made CALVINISM acceptable religion. FRANCE emerged afterward as the dominant European power. Swiss and Dutch lands INDEPENDENT.
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Thirty Years' War
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Last and most destructive RELIGIOUS WAR. Began with a failing Peace of Augsburg, religious division, and a fragmented German nation. 4 phases. Began as religious war but ended as a POLITICAL one. Ended 1648 with TREATY OF WESTPHALIA. France emerged dominant while Spain/Habsburgs lost power.
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French Civil War
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STRUGGLE FOR POWER between 3 noble families led to ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE, initiating War of the Three Henrys (French civil war) in which HENRY IV of Navarre (Bourbon) emerged victorious
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Catherine de Medici
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Mother of 3 French kings and CONTROLLED THEM ALL. Fought to maintain CATHOLIC DOMINANCE in France. Ordered the killings of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
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Council of Trent
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Established by church to ADDRESS CATHOLIC DOGMA and make necessary reforms. Important reforms regarded INTERNAL CHURCH DISCIPLINE. Curtailed simony, rules established for bishops, required seminaries etc. Counter-Reformation. Frequently interrupted by war, plague, politics.
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Goods in the Atlantic Exchange
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3 major economic components: mining, agriculture, and shipping. Also exchanged sugar, gold, silver, slaves, tobacco, disease, spices, religion etc.
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English Civil War
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Charles I's CAVALIERS vs. Parliament's ROUNDHEADS. Ended with execution of Charles I, the CROMWELL Puritan republic.
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Charles I
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First king in European history to be executed by his own subjects. Beginning of the commonwealth/republican governments.
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Henry IV (of Navarre)
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French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the EDICT OF NANTES. LAID FOUNDATION FOR FRANCE TO BECOME THE STRONGEST EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 17TH CENTURY
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Politique CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Developed INTENDANT SYSTEM
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Cardinal Mazarin
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CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Controlled France for Louis XIV when Louis was a kid and provoked the FRONDE
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
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Louis XIV's FINANCE MINISTER who changed French economy by establishing MERCANTILISM and the FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY for international trade.
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Johannes Gutenberg
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Invented the PRINTING PRESS and MOVABLE TYPE, one of human history's biggest inventions, leading to the increase in EDUCATION and spread of IDEAS. First printed BIBLE.
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Francesco Petrarch
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FATHER OF HUMANISM First person to study actual literary classics and NOT their secondary commentaries.
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Renaissance artists
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Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Albrecht Dürer etc.
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German Peasants' Revolt
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Peasants demanded the end of SERFDOM in the TWELVE ARTICLES and cited MARTIN LUTHER, which really pissed him off since Luther was SOCIALLY CONSERVATIVE
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Habsburg-Valois Wars
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France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.
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English defeat of Spanish Armada
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1588. PHILIP II (Spain) vs. ELIZABETH I (England) on England's Protestantism. Defeat marked DECLINE of SPAIN'S GOLDEN AGE.
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Elizabeth I
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Elizabethan Era Tudor queen. Established MODERATE PROTESTANTISM in Church of England (39 Articles), avoiding Catholic/Protestant extremism. Naval wars with SPAIN led to defeating SPANISH ARMADA in 1588.
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Mary I
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Bloody Mary. Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them.
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Philip II
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The king of Spain during their GOLDEN AGE. Pro-Catholic. Married to Mary I
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War of the Spanish Succession
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Spanish Habsburg king Charles II gave Spanish territories to Louis XIV's grandson, and the other countries feared European domination by Louis XIV. French poorly equipped in war against England.
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Treaty of Utrecht
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1713. Ended WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION. Maintained BALANCE OF POWER in Europe. BRITAIN received huge gains. AUSTRIA got BELGIUM.
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Test Act
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Civil/military officials of crown to swear OATH against TRANSUBSTANTIATION. CATHOLICS banned from serving as officials or in military
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Allowed lands of HABSBURG EMPIRE to pass to Empress MARIA THERESA, who was not a MALE HEIR
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Frederick William the Great Elector
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Formed the PRUSSIAN lands into a MODERN STATE. HIs son FREDERICK I made Prussian into a KINGDOM
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War of the Austrian Succession
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Prussia's Frederick II seized SILESIA, violating PRAGMATIC SANCTION, and it grew into a huge WAR with Austria gaining ALLIES from all over the place. Led to SEVEN YEARS' WAR.
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Maria Theresa
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Ruled HABSBURG Empire under PRAGMATIC SANCTION. Said to have PRESERVED the Habsburg state. Allowed Magyar nobility autonomy. War of AUSTRIA SUCCESSION.
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Seven Years' War
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Frederick II gets aggressive and starts attacking countries left and right. Fought in NORTH AMERICA and INDIA
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Treaty of Paris
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1763. Prussia gets Silesia. Britain gains ALL of France's North American COLONIES.
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Ivan the Terrible
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Aggressive Russian ruler who had a very violent "TIME OF TROUBLES". His death marked the beginning of the ROMANOV DYNASTY.
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Romanov
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This Russian dynasty lasted until until 1917 with the Anastasia thing and all. Began with Michael ROMANOV (*coughcough*)
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Michael Romanov
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First of the Romanov dynasty. Brought STABILITY and BUREAUCRATIC CENTRALIZATION to Russia.
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Peter the Great
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Russian tsar changed Russia FOREVER (*dundun*) by taming streltsy and boyars, developing a NAVY, expanding Russia to the BALTIC (war w/Sweden) and founding ST. PETERSBURG.
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War of the Roses
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1455-85. Great Britain. House of LANCASTER vs. House of YORK. Won with the TUDORS.
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Carlsbad Decrees
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Outlawed student groups in Germany
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Bourbons
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This French noble family/dynasty was restored to the French throne under a constitutional monarchy after Napoleon
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Charter
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Louis XVIII's constitution with a hereditary monarchy and a bicameral legislature
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Greek
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The _____ Revolution of 1821 from the Ottomans drew attention because liberals saw it as democracy rightfully being restored to its birthplace.
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Reactionary
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Charles X's (France) policies were very __________. During the July Revolution he staged a coup d'etat and restored primogeniture
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Great Reform Bill
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Reformed British house of Commons and expanded electorate to include wider variety of propertied classes. Laid groundwork for further reforms in British constitution
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National Workshops
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were established in 1848 to resolve the problem of unemployment.
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June Days
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was the result of the Assembly shutting down the national workshops. The French troops led by General Louis Cavaignac suppressed the radicals who wanted to maintain the workshops.
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Second French Republic
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provided for a president and a single chamber assembly which would be elected on the basis of universal manhood suffrage. (The president would serve for a four-year term in office).
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Frederick William IV
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Prussian King who announced the following on March 17, 1848: 1. A Prussian Assembly would be convened in April, 2. A constitution would be developed, 3. Internal reforms would be instituted, and 4. Prussia would assist in the developement of a constitutional revitalization of the German Confederation.
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The Frankfurt Assembly
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a Pan-German group interested in the formulation of an integrated union of German states, convened in May 1848.
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Bohemian Diet
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was a Chech nationalist group which demanded for universal manhood suffrage, guarantees of basic political and religious rights, and the parity of the Chech and German languages in education and government.
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Pan-Slavic Congress
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hoped to establish an autonomous government for Czechs, Slovaks, and other Slavs withing the Austrian Empire.
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The April Decree
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(issued by the Hapsburg governemnt) pleged to eliminate the feudal services and duties which were still imposed on the peasants.
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Alexander II
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(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
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Blood and iron
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Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismark; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
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Napoleon III
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Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism.
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Zollverein
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Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1818 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.
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Czar Nicholas I, Russia
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declared war on Russia in alliance with the Ottomans, On March 28th, 1854 in France and Britain. Much to the disappointment of Tsar Nicholas I, Austria and Prussia remained neutral. The Austrians had their own ambitions in the Balkans, and, for the moment, Prussia followed Austrians leadership. In Sept. 1855, the Russian fortress of Sevastopol finally fell to the French and British.
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Provisions of the Treaty of Paris, 1856
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This treaty required Russia to surrender territory near the mouth of the Danube River, to recognize the neutrality of the Black Sea, and to renounce its claims of protection over orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Even before the conference, Austria had forced Russia to withdraw from Moldavia and Walachia. The image of an invincible Russia that had prevailed across Europe since the close of the Napoleonic wars was shattered.
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William I
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turned for help to the person who more that any other single individual, shaped the next thirty years of European history, Otto Van Bismarck.
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Brunelleschi
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Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.
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Miguel De Cervantes
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Spanish writer. Wrote Don Quixote.
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Donatello
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Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.
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Act of Supremacy
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Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534
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Peace of Westphalia
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Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, 1572. Organized by Catherine de Medici.
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Catherine de Medici
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Was the wife of Henry II (Valois). She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89). Ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Pope Alexander VI set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas, signed by Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain.
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Pedro Cabral
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Claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500. He had intended to follow Da Gama but was blown off course.
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
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Bartholomew Diaz
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(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
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Vasco da Gama
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Sailed from Portugal and landed in India in 1498.
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King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
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the monarchs who united Spain in 1469 when they married. Responsible for the success of the reconquista in 1492.
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Conquistadores
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Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) He was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure.
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Giovanni de Verrazano
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Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America.
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Hernan Cortes
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Spanish conquistador to conquer the Aztec's. Part of the generation of the first phase of Spanish colonization of the Americas
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Francisco Pizarro
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spanish conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire, founder of Lima in modern day Peru
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Christopher Columbus
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Said to have discovered the Americas.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Became President of the Council of ministers and the first minister of the French crown under Louis XIII in 1624. Died in 1642.
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Louis XIII
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(r. 1610-1643)Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. Established absolute rule.
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Fronde
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1648-53. Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIV. Caused political upheaval and economic devastation.
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Jules Mazarin
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Became a cardinal in 1641, succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in French government. Died in 1661
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Sun King
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(r.1643-1715) Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development through his palace at Versailles and his policies.
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Jean-Babtiste Colbert
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An adviser to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial genius who managed the entire royal administration. Proposed mercantilism as the best policy for the economy
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French Classicism
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(1643-1715) Art, literature, and advancements of the age of Louis XIV.
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William of Orange
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Dutch prince invited to be king of England (William III) after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.
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Peace of Utrecht
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1713, ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
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Leviathan
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Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract
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Petition of Rights
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(1628) Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.
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William Laud
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Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to impose elaborate ritual and rich ceremonies on all churches. Insisted on complete uniformity of the church and enforced it through the Court of High Commission.
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Oliver Cromwell
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As Lord Protector of England he used his army to control the government and constituted military dictatorship.
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The Restoration
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(1660) Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established Anglican church, courts of law and local government.
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John Locke
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Believed people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development, (tabula rasa). Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Second Treatise of Government
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Thomas Hobbes
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Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." Wrote Leviathan.
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Bill of Rights
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1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.
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New Model Army
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Created by Cromwell.
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Junkers
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Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.
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Pragmatic Sanction
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Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.
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Charles VI
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(r. 1711-40) Obsessed with keeping the Habsburg empire together, issued the Pragmatic Sanction. No male heir so the empire passed to Maria Theresa.
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Maria Theresa
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(r. 1740-1780) Won the War of Austrian Succession after defeating Frederick II of Prussia, but losing Silesia.
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Romanovs
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Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until the revolution in 1917 and the execution of Nicholas II.
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Hohenzollern
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German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.
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Frederick William the Great Elector
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First man who made modern Prussia
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Boyars
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Land owning aristocracy in early Russia
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Dvorianie
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Established by Peter the Great, they received land and control of the peasants
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Muscovy
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A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory.
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Mayars
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Land owning aristocracy in Hungary.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
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This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law
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Olympe de Gouges
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a female journalist who demanded equal rights for French women
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Spinning Jenny
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A multi-spool spinning wheel invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves
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Water Frame
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A large spinning frame invented by Richard Arkwright in 1764 which required water power
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Steam Engine
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An engine which burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the first two of these were made by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen; initially these were highly inefficient
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Coke
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Carbon fuel produced by the distillation of coal
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James Hargreaves
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English chemist and inventor, most known for inventing the spinning Jenny
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Thomas Newcomen
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The man who created one of the first practical steam engines for pumping water
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James Watt
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The man who greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine by adding a separate condenser
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Rocket
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An early steam locomotive which travelled at a blazing sixteen miles per hour
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Crystal Palace
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The building which house the Great Exhibition; this was considered an architectural masterpiece, made entirely of glass and iron – supplies which became cheap and abundant in wake of the Industrial Revolution
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David Ricardo
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English political economist who is famous for the iron law of wages, essentially stating that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving
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Thomas Malthus
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Author of Essay on the Principle of Population; he argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply
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Factory Act of 1833
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An act passed by Parliament which limited the factory workday for children but consequently broke up family working patterns
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Andrew Ure
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A man who stated that the conditions in most factories were quite good after studying the cotton industry; he opposed voices such as Friedrich Engels who stated conditions were terrible
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Mines Act of 1842
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A piece of legislation passed in Great Britain in response to dangerous working conditions and prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under ten
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Cottage workers
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The pre-industrial working class
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Chartist movement
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Developed after the collapse of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union; demanded an equal right to vote for all men, a decrease in the hours in a workday, and that wheat could be imported duty-free into Great Britain
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Engels
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Middle-class German, author of The Conditions of the Working Class in England, accusing the English middle classes and industrial capitalism as a whole of creating more poverty and murdering the working class
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Robert Owen
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A manufacturer in Scotland; argued that employing young children in factories was inhumane
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Iron law of wages
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Developed by English economist David Ricardo; expressed that wages would always fall to subsistence level due to the pressure of population increase
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Economic nationalism
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Established by the 1840's by Friedrich List; domestic control over the economy in Germany and other areas
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Tariff protection
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A support system by the government—laying high tariffs on other countries' imports to protect one's own economy
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Factory Act of 1833
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Limited the workday for young children and adolescents in the factories, and declared that children had to be enrolled in school; significantly decreased the number of employed children
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Mines Act of 1842
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Banned women and boys under ten from any underground work due to the problems that had developed from both genders working together in the mines
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Combination Acts
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Passed by Parliament in 1799: outlawed unions and strikes; due to the fear of workers joining forces and rising up against the government
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dual revolution
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Fusion of economic and political changes in Europe
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Congress of Vienna
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Peace settlement in 1815
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Holland and Belgium
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countries that became united through Congress of Vienna
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Robert Castlereagh
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representative of England at CoV
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Charles Talleyrand
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representative of France at CoV
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countries in the Holy Alliance
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Austria, Prussia, Russia - sought to surpress liberal ideas in Europe
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Carlsbad Decrees
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issued by Meternich in 1819 to surpress liberal ideas in Germany
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Germans, Mayars (Hungarians), Czechs
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three main ethnic groups in Austria
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Count Henri de Saint-Simon
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major proponent of French Utopian Socialism
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parasites
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the court, the aristoracy, lawyers, and churchmen
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doers
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scientists, engineers, industrialists
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Charles Fourier
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believed marraige was prostitution
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Louis Blanc
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wrote Organization of Work (1839)
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Pierre Proudhon
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wrote What is Property? (1840)
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Carl Marx
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wrote Communist Manifesto
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Georg Hegel
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Marx's theory of historical revolution was based on his ideas
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Romanticism
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belief in emotional exuberance
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Sturm und Drang
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storm and stress
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William Wordsworth
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wrote the famous poem, "Daffodils"
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Walter Scott
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This Scottish Romantic poet used history to write his poems
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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This German Romantic poet influence Walter Scott
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Germaine de Stael
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a Franco-Swiss writer living in exile, urged the French to throw away their worn-out classical models On Germany: extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of German writers and thinkers
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Victor Hugo
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wrote Hunchback of Notre Dame
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Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin
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known by pen name George Sand; wrote the controversial book Lelia
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Grimm brothers
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rescued German fairy tales
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Aleksander Pushkin
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greatest Russian poet
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Eugene Delacroix
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greatest and most moving romantic painter; Liberty Leading the People
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Joseph Turner and John Constable
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notable Romantic painters
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Alexander Ypsilanti
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Greek patriot and general in Russian army-led revolt in 1821
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Corn Laws
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regulation of grain trade in Great Britain
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Tories
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dominating Britsih political party
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Reform Bill of 1832
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removed rotten boroughs; House of Commons got more power
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Chartist movement
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strived for universal suffrage
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T/F: Chartist movement succeeded
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False.
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Ten Hours Act of 1947
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limited workday for women
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Great Famine
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ravaged Ireland; forced migration
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Louis Phillipe
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ousted from France in 1848
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Hungary
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start of revolution in Austria in 1848
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Francis Joseph
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replaced Ferdinand, surpressed the revolution
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Nicholas I
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lended hand to Austria to crush revolt
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Schleswig and Holstein
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area of dispute between Denmark and Prussia
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In Praise of Folly
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Erasumus
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Divine Comedy
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Donté
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Spirit of Law
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Montesquieu
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Social Contract
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Rousseau
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Encyclopedia
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Diderot
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Leviathan
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Hobbes
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The Courtier
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Castiglione
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