Ap Euro Mid Term

Front 1

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION

CATHOLICISM

Back 1

1. STRONG 2. ENTRENCHED WITHIN CENTRALIZED MONARCHS
3. Retained control of ecclesiastical appts.

Front 2

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION

PROTESTANISM

Back 2

1. DECENTRALIZED
2. LUTHERANS & ANGLICANS EXCEPTIONS
3. STATE RELIGIONS

Front 3

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION

??

Back 3

1. END OF 16TH CENTURY TENSIONS AMONG MINORITY GRPS.
2. FED INTO AGE OF RELIGIOUS WAR

Front 4

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION

SPAIN

Back 4

CATHOLIC - HABSBURGS

Front 5

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION

FRANCE

Back 5

CATHOLIC - VALOIS & BOURBON (THEN PROTESTANT)

Front 6

LEGACY OF THE REFORMAITON

ENGLAND

Back 6

PROTESTANT - TUDOR & STUART - THEN CATHOLIC

Front 7

LEGACY OF THE REFORMAITON

DUTCH

Back 7

PROTESTANT - HOUSE OF ORANGE

Front 8

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Back 8

CAHTOLIC - HABSBURG

Front 9

RELIGIOUS WAR IN FRANCE

DEATH OF HENRY II???

Back 9

1. RELIGIOUS CIVIL WAR
2. WEAK MONARCHS (Francis II, Charles IX, REgency of Catherine de Midici

Front 10

RELIGIOUS WAR IN FRANCE

Name three results of...

Back 10

1. Economic Crisis
2. Overpopulation/Taxation
3. Feuding Families(Guise/Bourbon/Montmorency)

Front 11

FRANCE Religious war caused by what?

Back 11

1. Dynastic Claims
2. Religious Fanaticism
3. Hugueonot V. Catholic
4. After Henry II's death

Front 12

Religious War - contest among which three leaders?

Back 12

1. Henri Duke de Guise
2. Henry III
3. Henry de Navarre

Front 13

What did Catherine do during religious war?

Back 13

involved monarchy in religious conflict

Front 14

Chronology of the REligious War

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1.Catherine created conflict 2.St Barth. Day Masacre
3.Death -Henri Duke de Guise & Henri III 4.Navaree - King

Front 15

Henry IV Did what? (list 5)

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1.Ended War 2.Catholic 3.Refused call Estates Gen. 4.New middle class 5.Privy councils and royal gov

Front 16

Thirty years war was during what time?

Back 16

1618 -1648

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Key Themes of Thirty Years War? (Name 3)

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1.Decline Cath Church-Babylonian Captivity 2.Habsburgs:Balance of power
3.Concept: Sovereign states

Front 18

Causes of Thirty Years War? (Name 4)

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1.Fragmented HRE
2.Calv Vs. Luth
3.Calv attracts supp. (E.F.D)
4.Bavaria rep Catholics

Front 19

What resolved Thirty Years War? (Name 4)

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1.Recog of Calv
2.Weakend Habsburgs
3.SOveriegn States
4.Ended Mercenary armies

Front 20

Cardinal Richelieu's Involvement in Thirty Years' War - what omen for future of Europe? (Name 4)

Back 20

1.Secular Dynasties
2.France Dominant
3.Death of Universal Church
4.War with Bourbon not Church

Front 21

Issues remaining after Treaty of Westphalia? (Name four)

Back 21

1.What to do with HRE?
2.Beginnings of alliances
3.Balance of Power in Europe
4.Growing power of France

Front 22

Three Phases of Religious War -
Describe Phase I

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1.Duke of Guise attacks 3000 Protestants
2.War between Cath & Prot
3.Cath Peace Thru Marriage

Front 23

Three PHases of Religious War - Phase II

Back 23

1.Prot/Cath Arm for War
2.War of Three Henris
3.Mary Queen Scots Armada 1588
4.Guise&Bourbonassasinated

Front 24

Three Phases of REligious War - Phase III

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1.Henri III allied w/Guise against Cath League
2.Henri III killed and Navarre became King (Phil II)

Front 25

Name Henry IV Part in Religious War (name 4)

Back 25

1.Ended Religious War
2.Became Catholic
3.Edict of Nantes
4.Privy Councils & Royal Gov

Front 26

Preconditions for War - France (Name 4)

Back 26

1.Edict of Nantes
2.Refused Estates General
3.Offices Inherited (corrupt)
4.Habsburgs are enemies

Front 27

Preconditions for War - HRE (Name 4)

Back 27

1.Peace of Ausburg-360pol div
2.Emporer failed suppress prot
3.Prot become more militant
4.Emporers weakness=rebellions

Front 28

Peace of Westphalia (name 4)

Back 28

1.1st multinat treaty
2.Conrimed Dutch United Prov
3.Ended Religious War w/Germ
4.Strenth to Germ weak HRE

Front 29

PEace of Westphalia (name 3)

Back 29

1.Emporer Retreats to Austria
2.Germ Calv = Lutheran Rights
3.France emerged strong power

Front 30

Consequences of WEstphalia

Back 30

1.Mercenareis wrought havoc
2.Agricul/trade disrupt<econ
3.France = most powerful
4.Spain loses Nether/weak econ

Front 31

Phases of HRE War - Phase I (Bohemian)

Back 31

1.HRE Ferdinand led army against prot in Bohemia and won.
2.Defeat united protestants

Front 32

Phases of HRE War - Phase II(Danish)

Back 32

1.Danes aid of Frederick=fail
2.Ferdinand with Wallenstein=victory
3.Ausb reaffirm.Cath prop ret

Front 33

Phases of HRE War - Phase III (Swedish)

Back 33

1.Gustavus Adolphus inv.Poland
2.Emperor lost ground w/dism of Wallenstein
3. Victorious w/return

Front 34

Phases of HRE War Phase IV - Swedish/French Phase

Back 34

1.Swedish seek aid from France
2.Empor seeks aid from Spain
3.French push tow Vienna
4.HRE sues for peace=weakened

Front 35

ROOTS OF REFORMATION 1500-1563

RISE OF NATION STATES (NAME 4)

Back 35

1.Monarch control of Church
2.ecclesiastical taxation
3.Avignon Papacy
4.Great Schism

Front 36

ROOTS OF REFOMRATION 1500-1563

Fragmented HRE (name 4)

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1.Politaical Diversity
2.Local towns support independ
3.Guilds embraced to freedom
4.Desire for liberation=prot

Front 37

ROOTS OF REFORMATION 1500-1563

Communicaiton and Transportation

Back 37

poor state of communicaiton and transport = difficult for church to control quality and enforce policies

Front 38

ROOTS OF REFORMATION 1500-1563
Reform Movements:
Waldensians and the Albigensians

Back 38

refused church authority and retreated to private authorities

Front 39

ROOTS OF REFORMATION 1500-1563
Reform Movements:
Wyclif and the Lollards

Back 39

criticized the Church's wealth and wanted a simple religion.

Front 40

ROOTS OF REFORMATION 1500-1563
Reform Movements:
Jan Hus and the Hussites

Back 40

argued against wealth of the church and wanted religion free of the ritual and money

Front 41

ROOTS OF REFORMATION 1500-1563
Reform Movements:
Conciliar Movement

Back 41

reofrm the church by removing some of Pope;s Authority.

Front 42

Northern REnaissance - what was the cumulative effect?

Back 42

loosen the constraints imposed by the cathlic churhc on the people of NOrthern Europe

Front 43

Northern Renaissance - name 5 aspects

Back 43

1.embrace vernacular 2.Germanic Culture
3.Social morals (Utopia)
4.Corruption 5.No Scholasticsm

Front 44

ROOTS OF THE REFORMATION - 1500-1563
Corruption - Indulgences

Back 44

Transferable merit that reduced the time that a person woudl have to spend in purgatory

Front 45

ROOTS OF THE REFORMATION - 1500-1563
Corruption - Simony

Back 45

the sale of church offices

Front 46

ROOTS OF THE REFORMATION - 1500-1563
Corruption - Nepotism

Back 46

awarding positions to protect these children

Front 47

ROOTS OF THE REFORMATION - 1500-1563
Corruption - Sacrament of penance

Back 47

People held to a higher standard than the Church (wealth, venality, lack of celibicy)

Front 48

RENAISSANCE 1375 - 1527

Burckhardt Thesis - About what? (name 4)

Back 48

1.Revival of Classical Learn.
2.New Secular & scient ideas
3.Rational systematic study
4.Value of Individual

Front 49

RENAISSANCE 1375 - 1527

Burckhardt Thesis - result was?

Back 49

"the gradual release of the full nature of man."

Front 50

Problems with Burckhardt Thesis (Name2 )

Back 50

1. Exaggerated the import of Ren
2.Overlooked connect to Middle ages

Front 51

What was Renaissance?

Back 51

1. Movement or rebirth of intellectual and artistic ideas - classical learning.
2.relate human to devine

Front 52

Humanism

Back 52

1.Find truth through a study of the classics.
2.Education practical
3.Reform society goal for many

Front 53

End of Rennaissance (Name 3)

Back 53

1.Late 15th Cent Decline Italy
2.Freanch and SPanish invasion
3.Disrupt stabliity which gave birth to Renn.

Front 54

RENAISSANCE 1375 - 1527
What limited commerce flowing through Italy?

Back 54

Portuguese and Spanish exploration and the Ottoman expansion

Front 55

RENAISSANCE 1375 - 1527
What decreased need for trade with Italy?

Back 55

Cloth industry grew in Northern Europe

Front 56

High Renaissance 1490-1530 - (Name 3 causes)

Back 56

1.Economic depression
2.Papcy supporter
3.Church commissioned great works of art

Front 57

Emperor+War with France+Independent Princess =?

Back 57

Quick spread within HRE

Front 58

Ausburg Confessions basis for what?

Back 58

Lutheran Church

Front 59

Charles V Protestantism - Chronology (name 4)

Back 59

1.Turk invasion of Hungary
2.Schmaldkaldic League Formed
3.Charles Defeat France,Turks & LEague 4.Peace of Ausburg

Front 60

Zwingli Or Zurch was first major movement - what was this (name 3)

Back 60

1.Strict adherance to Bible
2.Remove and burn decoration/alters
3.Simple faith - limit ritual

Front 61

Radical Groups - why did they form?

Back 61

As Protestantism spread new groups believed Luther had not gone far enough.

Front 62

Example of Radical Groups - Anabaptists (name 4 characteristics)

Back 62

1.baptism for adults
2.isolation from auth/secular
3.no taxes or public work
4.Persecuted and killed

Front 63

John Calvin (1509-1564) name 3 characteristics

Back 63

1.theologian then lawyer
2.writings of Erasmus
3.Francis I forced Calvin to flee to Basil Switz.

Front 64

Calvin was possessed by fear - very anxious - name 2 exmaples

Back 64

1.Feared God would use forces of nature on mankind
2.beleived someone needed to impose order on chaotic world

Front 65

Name 5 Characteristics of Calvin

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1.Obedience 2.Order 3.Reform society not individual 4.Good Works 5.Money is positive

Front 66

Why was Calvinism so popular? 3 reasons

Back 66

1.persecution-burning chamber
2.Calvinists were tortured
3. Inspired many throughout Europe - inspired by this

Front 67

What was the English Reformation?

Back 67

Struggle between King and Church. Turned personal with Henry VIII

Front 68

Who was William Tyndale?

Back 68

Published first version of NEw Testimant and was supporter of Luther. Burned by Henry in 1536.

Front 69

What led to King's Affair

Back 69

1.Catherine of Aragon no heir
2.Filed for annulment
3.Pope wouldn't issue annul.
4.Wosely requested hearing

Front 70

HENRY's NEW CHURCH
What was The Act of Restraint of Appeals?

Back 70

Denied the Pope authority within England

Front 71

HENRY'S NEW CHURCH
WHat was the Act of Succession in 1534?

Back 71

Made Henry head of the Churhc of England and required all Englishment to take an oath to him.

Front 72

HENRY's NEW CHURCH
What was the Act of Supremacy of 1534?

Back 72

Proclaimed the King supreme head of the church of England. Conservative and cont many cath practices.

Front 73

HENRY'S NEW CHURCH
What were the Six and Ten Articles?

Back 73

Affirmed salvation by faith with good works,3 sacraments, rejected purgatory, and cult of the saints.

Front 74

Who oversaw the dossolution f the monasteries during a norhern insurrection of the Catholic Church?

Back 74

Thomas Cromwell

Front 75

What happened to most of the Monestaries?

Back 75

Sold off

Front 76

What did the money from Monestary sales do?

Back 76

Used to rebuild Navy and forts along the border with Scotland.

Front 77

What did the sale of Monestaries do?

Back 77

Strenthened the ties of nobility to the King and forced tehm to adopt agric. tech to manage lands

Front 78

What were the goals of the Counter Reformation? (4)

Back 78

1.Power of the Pope
2.Reoganize Churhc
3.Stop Protestant Reformation
4.Reform Corruption in Church

Front 79

What did Pope Paul III recommend during the COunter Reformation?

Back 79

Better education for lower clergy and reformed benefices.

Front 80

What was the church's position on Salvation by Faith during Counter Reformation?

Back 80

Refused to compromise and set up inquis. under Card. Carafa with the Vatican= end protestant threats

Front 81

Who did Carafa become? and What did he say?

Back 81

Pope Paul IV "Burn Christ at the stake if he were determined to be a heretic."

Front 82

What did followers of Ignatius of Loyola become known as?

Back 82

Jesuits

Front 83

Who were Jesuits?

Back 83

Became aggressive crusaders of the Catholic Reformation

Front 84

Ignatius of Loyola - Name 3 Characteristics

Back 84

1.Adv.&Educate for Kings
2.Repealed PRot in Aust, Bavaria, Poland & Rhineland
3.Caried religion around world

Front 85

What did the Council of Trent do? (there are 8 of these - name four)

Back 85

1.power of pope
2.7 sacraments
3.eucharist
4.celibacy of preists

Front 86

What did the Council of Trent do? (there are 8 of these - name four)

Back 86

5.belief in purgatory
6.abolished sale of indulg.
7.seminaries to train preists
8.parishes to keep records

Front 87

What was the main thing the Council of Trent did?

Back 87

Centralized the Church, improved organzaiton and admin. and restored prestige to Papacy

Front 88

Northern Renaissance - name 4 characteristics

Back 88

1.Reached North Eur in 1450s
2.Lack of commerce/wealthy
3.Religious and ed reform
4.Students, merchants and rel

Front 89

Northern Humanists - 4 characteristics

Back 89

1.more diverse social backgrnd
2.against corruption
3.wrote for general population
4.printing press incr.commun.

Front 90

Printing Press

Back 90

1.Johannes Gutenberg invented
2.1440
3.200 presses by 1500
4.Increased power of NorthHum

Front 91

Northern Humanist Thinkers - Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

Back 91

1.Cleanliness
2.Educ/REl reformer
3.Published works crit church
4.Edited Bible(later Luther)

Front 92

Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)

Back 92

1.Writer & Biographer (utopia)
2.Monestary-Parliment
3.Served King Henry VIII
4.Beheaded 1535

Front 93

BLACK DEATH (1347-1351) Name 4 Causes

Back 93

1.Overpop/malnutrition
2.increased urbanization
3.trade=rat+flea+human
4.All trade routes infected