Ap Euro French Revolution Test Pages 575-601

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During the reign of Napoleon, an official appointed by the central government to oversee all aspects of local government

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prefects

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Napoleon's effort to bar British goods from the Continent in the hope of weakening Britain's economy and destroying its capacity to wage war

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Continental System

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-Controller of the Committee of Public Safety in France
-worked to centralize the administration of France and curb the excesses of the Reign of Terror
-executed on July 28, 1794

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Maximilien Robespierre

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-dominated European and French history from 1799-1815
-Son of the Revolution
-Emperor of France

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Napoleon

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-agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII of the Catholic Church
-pope acknowledged the accomplishments of the Revolution
-Catholicism not reestablished as official religion of France
-clergy would be paid by state
-Protestant ministers also put on the state put on the state payroll
-as a result, the Catholic Church was no longer an enemy of the French government
-reassured those who had acquired church lands during the Revolution that they would not be stripped of them

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Concordat

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also known as the Code Napoleon
-preserved most of the revolutionary gains by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, the right of individuals to choose their professions, religious toleration, and the abolition of serfdom and feudalism

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Civil Code

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A fundamental change in the political and social organization of a state

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Revolution

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The political and social system of France in the 18th century before the Revolution

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Old Order (old regime)

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One faction of the French National Convention
-so called because their leaders came from the department of Gironde, located in southwestern France

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Girondins

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One faction of the French National Convention
-so called because its members' seats were on the side of the convention hall where the floor slanted upward

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Mountain

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The people's army raised by universal mobilization to repel the foreign enemies of the French Revolution

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Nation in Arms

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A policy, adopted in the radical phase of the French Revolution, aimed at creating a secular society by eliminating Christian forms and institutions from French society

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de-Christianization

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One of the legal categories in French society
-consisted of clergy and numbered 130,000 people
-Church owned approximately 10% of land
-clergy exempt from the taille or France's chief tax

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First Estate

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One of the legal categories of French society
-the nobility composed of no more than 350,000 people who owned about 25 to 30% of land
-played important/crucial role in French society

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Second Estate

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One of the legal categories of French society
-the commoners of society
-made up most of French population

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Third Estate

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-French controller of general finances
-found himself unable to borrow any more money, proposed a complete revamping of the fiscal and administrative system of the state
-convened an assembly of the notables which in turn brought further disaster

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Charles de Calonne

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the French parliamentary body that had not met since 1614 when they were called to a meeting as France stood on the verge of financial collapse

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Estates-General

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cahiers de doleances which were drafted through France during the elections to the Estates-General

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statements of local grievances

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Because the Estates-General did not work, the Third Estate stepped up to push its demands for voting by head and created this group to govern France.
-instituted a constitution
-swore Tennis Court Oath

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National Assembly

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The promise to write a new constitution by the National Assembly or that they would continue to meet until they produced a constitution which would be the first step in the French Revolution

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Tennis Court Oath

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-the fall of this place was the most famous of the urban uprisings
-Needing arms, the Permanent Committee of the king organized a popular force to capture the Invalides, a royal armory, and on July 14th attacked this other royal armory
-this victory soon became a popular symbol of triumph over despotism

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Bastille

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French king who initially tried to stop the revolutionaries but was soon informed that the royal troops were unreliable
-acceptance of this reality signaled the collapse of royal authority--king could no longer enforce his will

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Louis XVI

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-appointed commander of citizens' militia known as the National Guard

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marquis de Lafayette

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A vast panic that spread like wildfire through France between July 20th and August 6th
-panic because of fear of invasion by foreign troops, aided by a supposed aristocratic plot, encouraged the formation of more citizens' militias and permanent committees

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the Great Fear

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-First French Constitution that provided the ideological foundation for its actions and an educational device for the nation
-charter of basic liberties reflected the major philosophes of the Enlightenment and also owed much to the American Declaration
-signed into action by the members of the National Assembly

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

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-crowds of Parisian women numbering in the thousands set off for Versailles to confront the king and the National Assembly to demand bread
-Louis XVI in turn promised them grain supplies for Paris
-this march forced the king to accept the National Assembly's decrees
-king became a virtual prisoner in Paris

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The Woman's March to Versaille

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-put into effect in 1790
-stated that both bishops and priests of the Catholic Church were to be elected by the people and paid by the state
-all clergy were also required to swear an oath of the allegiance to ______
-pope in turn forbade it
-important because now the Catholic Church became an enemy of the Revolution

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the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

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The assembly in which sovereign power was vested was to sit for two years and consist of 745 representatives chosen by an indirect system of election that preserved power in the hands of the more affluent members of society

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Legislative Assembly

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-most famous of the political clubs offering more radical solutions to the nation's problems
-first emerged as a gathering of more radical deputies at the beginning of the Revolution
-served in provinces as discussion groups

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Jacobins

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issued by Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia
-invited other European monarchs to take the most effectual means to put the king of France in a state to strengthen the bases of monarchical gov. equally becoming to the rights of sovereigns
-but european monarchs proved too suspicious of each other

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Declaration of Pillnitz

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ordinary patriots during the French Revolution without fine clothes

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sans-culottes

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-the more radical stage of the French Revolution
-dominated the political scene
-led by Georges Danton, the sans-culottes who sought revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted popular will

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the Paris Commune

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(1759-1794)
-the sans-culottes who sought revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted popular will
-led the Paris Commune

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Georges Danton

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-rebellion that soon escalated into a full-blown counterrevolutionary appeal
-peasants revolted against the new military draft
-favored a decentralized republic to free themselves from the ascendancy of Paris
-in no way did they favor breaking up the "indivisible republic"

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Vendean rebellion

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executive committee who the National Convention gave broad powers to administer the government
-dominated initially by Danton
-same twelve members were reelected and gave the country the leadership it needed to weather the domestic and foreign crises of 1793
-one of the most important members was Robespierre

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Committee of Public Safety

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(1758-1794)
-most important members of the Committee of Public Safety
-a small-town lawyer who had moved to Paris as a member of the Estates-General
-politics was his life, and he was dedicated to using power to benefit the people, whom he loved in the abstract though not on one-on-one basis

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Maximilien Robespierre

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to meet the domestic crisis, the National Convention and the Committee of Public safety issued this
-Revolutionary courts were organized to protect the Republic from its internal enemies and were ordered to execute any corrupt members
-ranged from royalists to former revolutionaries
-even thousands of peasants

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Reign of Terror

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law that established price controls on goods declared of first necessity, ranging from food and drink to fuel and clothing
-in turn did not work very well because the gov. lacked the machinery to enforce them

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Law of the General Maximum

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-composed largely of working-class women during the Revolution
-viewed itself as the family of sisters and vowed to rush to the defense of the Fatherland
-but in turn were viewed by the male revolutionaries disdainfully and outlawed women's clubs like this one and forbade women to be present at important meetings

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Society for Revolutionary Republican Women

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(1746-1803)
-a son of African slaves who seized control of all of Hispaniola by 1801
-Napoleon sent an army that captured ______ who died in a French dungeon within a year

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Touissaint L'Overture

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-law passed on December 4, 1793 by the Committee of Public Safety
-sought to centralize the administration of France more effectively and to exercise greater control in order to check the excesses of the Reign of Terror

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Law of 14 Frimaire

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named after the month of Thermidor
-the terror began to lessen and the national Convention curtailed the power of the Committee of Public Saftey, shut down the Jacobin clubs, and attempted to provide a better protection for its deputies against the Parisian mobs
-Churches allowed to worship again and freedom given to worship of all cults
-economy turned to laissez faire policies
-a new constitution was written that reflected this more conservative republicanism or a desire for stability while keeping the ideals of 1789

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Thermidorean Reaction

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-constitution written during the Thermidorean Reaction
-established a national legislative assembly consisting of two chambers

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Constitution of 1795

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executive authority during the Thermidorean Reaction
-consisted of five directors elected by the Council of Elders
-from the beginning had to rely on the military for survival
-era of materialistic reaction to the suffering and sacrifices that had been demanded during the Terror

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Directory

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(1766-1817)
-a prominent female writer who refused to accept Napoleon's growing despotism
-set up a salon in Paris that was a prominent intellectual center by 1800

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Germaine de Stael