Ap Euro Chapter 4 Names And Terms

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Louis XIV

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King of France who reigned for 72 years and made France the most powerful country in Europe. France became the center of European politics and culture

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Charles II

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King of Spain and last of the Hapsburg line who was a weak and feeble ruler.

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universal monarchy

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a political situation in which one state might subordinate all others to its will. The Hapsburg empire almost achieved this state and Louis XIV wanted it for France.

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balance of power

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a form of politics meant to preserve the sovereignty and independence of the states of Europe against a universal monarchy. Countries tried to keep a balance of power by allying with weaker countries and refusing alliance with powerful ones.

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William of Orange

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The Dutchman, and the prince of Orange who engineered the balance of power against Louis XIV

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Hugo Grotius

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dutchman who wrote "law of War and Peace," a pioneering treatise on international law. Helped make Dutch a formal language

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Baruch Spinoza

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Portugese Jew who was a refugee in Holland where he wrote important philosophical works examining the nature of reality, human conduct, and church and state.

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Leeuwenhoek

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One of the Dutch scientists who used microscopes to found modern biological science

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Franz Hals

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Dutch painter who produced portraits of he common people

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Jan Vermeer

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Dutch painter who threw a spell of magic and quiet dignity over men and women of the burgher class who he often portrayed in domestic scenes. Paintings include "Geographer," "Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window," and "The Artist's Studio."

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Rembrandt

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Dutch painter whose work reflected human consciousness itself. Painted "Masters of the Cloth Guild" which accurately portrays Dutch businessmen

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Bank of Amsterdam

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huge Dutch bank that accepted deposits in any currency and released money in gold florins of certain value. This provided an international measure of value and attracted many depositors, allowing for loans for a wide range of purposes. Made Amsterdam the economic center of Europe.

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United Provinces

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The seven Dutch provinces that united to form a republican government that gave some ruling power to an elected "stadholder," usually a prince of Orange

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House of Orange

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the line of Dutch noblemen that was normally chosen as the "stadholder" of the United Provinces. They provided military security for the Dutch but had little power in times of peace.

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William the Silent

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a Dutch nobleman of the House of Orange that gained prestige for his family by fighting successfully in the wars of independence from Spain

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James I

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The Scottish son of mary Stuart who inherited the English throne from Elizabeth I. He believed in "free" monarchy in which nothing and no one could control the king. Kings were responsible to God alone.

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Charles I

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Son of James I. King of England who struggled to rule without the influence of Parliament and create a strong government on his own. He was not successful

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Long Parliament

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The Parliamentary body that sat for 20 years without elections. They used the Scottish Rebellion to put pressure on Charles I for their own demands. They were able to cut back the power of the monarchy.

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Roundheads

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The nickname for the Parliamentary forces that fought against the king's armies in the English Civil War.

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New Model Army

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The efficient new army of the roundheads that won many military victories. It was commanded by Thomas Fairfax

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Oliver Cromwell

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A commander in the New Model Army whose regiment was successful and motivated by Protestant exaltation. Cromwell took control of Parliament, had Charles I executed, and took control of the government. He crushed Scotish resistance and subdued Irish catholicism but ruled England with difficulty

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Rump parliament

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The 50 or so members of parliament left after Cromwell drove most of the Long Parliament out so that he could have Charles I executed

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Levellers

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radical political democrats who called for almost universal male suffrage, equality of representation, a written constitution, and subordination of Parliament to a reformed body of voters.

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Quakers

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religion founded by George Fox. Also called the society of Friends. Insisted that all believers reject various social and religious hierarchies. Allowed women to preach at their meetings.

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Diggers

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a revolutionary group who occupied and cultivated common lands or lands privately owned in a general repudiation of property

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Lord Protector

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The title Cromwell gave to himself after he disbanded the Rump Parliament and attempted to govern through representative bodies devised by himself.

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restoration

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Charles I's son, Charles II was placed on the throne after Cromwell's death, restoring the monarchy

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Commonwealth

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The name Cromwell gave to Britain's new "republic" after the Civil War. In reality it was a military dictatorship

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Charles II

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Son of Charles I who was reinstated to the monarchy after the death of Cromwell. Gave parliament enough power to keep them satisfied.

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Dissenters

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People formerly called Puritans who refused to accept the Church of England. Excluded by Parliament from town governing bodies and teaching positions and other rights.

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Act of Settlement

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law that decentralized the administration of the Pooor Law, making each parish responsible only for its own paupers. Poor people had to remain in their parishes.

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"squirearchy"

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the system of landowners acting as justices of the peace in local affairs. They enforced and governed their counties.

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declaration of indulgence

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Charles II announced the nonenforcement of laws against Disssenters.

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Test Act

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act passed by Parliament to guard against Catholicism which required all officeholders to take communion in the Church of England. It also renewed laws against Dissenters and made it impossible for Catholics to serve in the government or military.

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James II

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Charles II's brother and heir who converted to Catholicism. Became king in 1685. Promoted many Catholics to high office and promoted religious toleration.

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Willliam III

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husband of James's daughter Mary, who both WHigs and Tories wanted to inherit the throne. He had Dutch interests at heart and wanted england's help against the French. He invaded England and overthrew James.

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Act of Toleration

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James II started a program of religious toleration for both Catholics and Dissenters

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Battle of the Boyne

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battle in 1690 between William III and James II in Ireland. William won and James II fled to France.

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Bill of Rights

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passed by Parliament in 1689 stating that no law could be suspended by the king, no taxes could be raised or army maintained without parliamentary consent and no subject could be arrested and detained without legal process. William III accepted thesse conditions.

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Act of Settlement of 1701

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stated that no Catholic could be king of England

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Toleration Act

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allowed Protestant dissenters to practive their religion but excluded them from political and public service.

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Irish penal code

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a system of laws that severely limited Irish Catholics from making a living and practicing their religion. Also weakened the Irish parliament and only allowed Ireland to export agricultural products internationally.

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Bank of England

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the bank formed by the private lenders who financed William III's war against France.

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Glorious Revolution

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The name for the overthrow of James II and the enactment of parliamentary restrictions on the power of English kings.

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"gentlemen"

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landowning segment of England that for a time controlled England's economy and government through their domination in parliament.

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Act of Union

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Scotland and England were officially united under one government.

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Poussin

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French painter who led a new school of painters who portrayed scenes from classical Roman history or mythology with almost geometric precision

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Lorrain

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French classical painter of the 17t century

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Cornielle

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French writers who wrote austere tragedies on the personal conflicts and social relations of human life for a courtly audience

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Racine

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French writers who wrote austere tragedies on the personal conflicts and social relations of human life for a courtly audience

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Moliere

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French comic writer who mocked French society

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La Fontaine

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French writer who wrote famous animal fables

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Descartes

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great french mathematician and scientific thinker

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Pascal

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great French scientiest and also a profound spokesma for Christianity

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Bayle

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French intellectual who was the father of modern skeptics

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classicism

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the official aesthetic theory in the French intellectual world that emphasized order, harmony, and the artistic achievements of antiquity.

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salons

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informal centers of intellectual life that were organized by upperclass women who invited people into their homes to discuss philosphy, literature, and art. They became the unofficial gathering place for Parisian nobles, wealthy professional persons, and creative writers or artists.

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parlements

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French institutions that developed as courts of law and acted as the supreme court for a certain area of the country. They upheld "fundamental laws: which the king could not overstep and they refused to enforce royal edicts seen as unconstitutional

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Fronde

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an abortive Revolution that broke after the peace of westphalia against Cardinal Mazarin who was the regent for Louis XIV at the time. The revolutionaries wanted more rights for themselves but lost the support of parlements and nobles and then failed.

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Mazarin

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The cardinal who ruled in Louis XIV's name during Louis's childhood until his death in 1661. The Fronde revolution was directed against him.

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Colbert

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Louis XIV's chief minister who worked for 20 years to make France a self sufficient economic unit, to expand, the export of French goods, and to i ncrease the wealth from which government income was drawn. He also improved France's roads and canals and organized he military.

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Revocation of the Edict of nantes

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Louis XIV and some of his Catholic advisors wanted the country to have religious unity so they made life difficult for French Huguenots and attempted to convert them. After this revocation the French used a system of official intoleration towards Protestants.

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The Dutch War

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The war occurring between Louis XIV allied with Charles II of England and the allied forces of William of Orange, the haprsburg, brandenburg, Denmark and the Dutch Republic. This occurred when Louis XIV tried to conquer Dutch provinces on the lower Rhine.

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Leopold I

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Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of Louis XIV who did not protect Lorraine and Alsace from French aggression because he was distracted by the Hungarians and Turks who were rebelling against the Hapsburg Emperor

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League of Augsburg

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Group of Catholic and Protestant states that allied themselves against Louis XIV. Included the Holy Roman Emperor, the kings of Spain and of Sweden, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony, and the palatinate, and the Dutch republic. England joined when William III became king.

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Franche-Compte

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The rich Spainish province that was given to the French in the treaty of Nimwegen after the Dutch War.

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Alsace and Lorraine

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Regions of the Holy Roman Empire that Louis XIV may have had rights to in the Treaty of Westphalia but took by force in 1679

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Grand Coalition (Alliance)

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The anti-French forces gathered by WIllliam III to contest France taking control of the Spanish throne after the death of Charles II. IncludedEngland , Holland, the Austrian emperor supported by Brandenburg, Portugal and Savoy.

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Elector of Brandenburg

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a German politician (forerunner of the kings of Prussia) who supported Louis XIV's claims to Alsace and Lorraine.

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Peace of Utrecht

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Treaty ending the war of Spanish Succession. It awarded the Spanish territories at Gibraltar and Minorca to England. The Duke of Savoy received the Spanish island of Sardinia. Milan, Naples, Sicily, and the Spanish Netherlands went to the Austrian Hapsburgs. The remaining Spanish territories (Spain and AMerica) passed to Louis XIV's grandson, Philip V.