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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What major 15th century innovations helped spurn the Age of Exploration?
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improvements in shipbuilding and the invention of compasses
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What were Asia's main exports to Europeans?
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silk, cotton, rugs, jewelry, porcelain, sugar, spices
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What were in major Middle East trading centers?
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Alexandria, Beirut, and Constantinople
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Around what year did Vasco de Gama sail?
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1498
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Where did Vasco Da Gama sail and what did he discover?
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Sailed around the tip of S. Africa and discovered the S. Tip of India (Malabar Coast).
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How was the Malabar Coast economically?
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It was booming economically.
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What did Vasco Da Gama do after discovering the Malabar Coast?
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Sailed back to Portugal. Returned to India in 1502 with 21 ships and began a war against the Arabs in India.
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Who supported the Arabs in the Portuguese/Indian War?
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Turkey, Venice, and Egypt because they wanted to maintain old trading routes.
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Who won the Portuguese/Indian war and why?
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Portuguese, b/c of their long history fighting the Moors. They massacred the Indians in Malabar.
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What did the Portuguese do in India, and many other countries to gain trading dominance?
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Established permanent trade centers--in India, Persia, E. Africa, Singapore, China, New Guinea, Spice Islands.`
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Why were the Portuguese able to maintain a trading empire?
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Superior weapons and ships, monopolies and trading centers.
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What did the Portuguese trade do to trade in Venice?
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Made trade flourish in Lisbon and not in Venice.
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Were there ways to measure longitude/latitude in 1492?
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No.
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Why did Columbus name the people "Indians?"
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Because he thought he was in the West Indies.
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Who funded Columbus' expedition? Why?
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Isabella of Castile. Spain wanted to beat Portugal to China.
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What did Columbus really hope to find in his exploration?>
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A Western route to Asia.
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How did the Spanish clergy, nobility and gov't view the New World differently?
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Clergy= new area of conversion, gov't= new income, nobility= new people to fight against (after wars w/Moors).
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What conquistador conquered the Aztecs and where?
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Cortes, Mexico.
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What conquistador conquered the Incas, and where?
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Pizarro, Peru.
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Who sailed around the globe and when?
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Magellan, 1520.
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Who were the Cabots?
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English explorers.
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Who was Jacques Cartier?
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French explorer.
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What did Jacques Cartier and the Cabots have in common?
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Both failed at finding a NW passage to the Pacific.
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What important 1553 discovery kicked off trade with Russia?
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Discovery of the White Sea.
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What was the Treaty of 1494?
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Spain and Portugal divide the globe by a N/S line.
Spain= right to Americas. Portugal= right to Asia, Africa, E. Indies. |
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Who discovered Brazil in 1500?
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Pedro Cabral (Portugal)
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Who discovered the Phillipines in 1521?
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Magellan
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What was the main difference between Portugal and Spain's approaches to exploration?
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Spain was more about decimation and total cultural conquest, while Portugal focused on establishing permanent trade outposts.
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What court of law did Spaniards establish in the Americas?
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The Inquisition.
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What was the encomienda?
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An effort to regulate Indian labor...allowed Indians to work for certain hours yet retain their own land.
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What was the difference b/w Creoles and Mestizos?
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Creoles= Spaniards born in America (white).
Mestizos= half Indian/Spaniard. |
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When was the printing press brought to Mexico?
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1544.
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What two American establishments were in place by 1550?
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Viceroyalties of Mexico and Peru.
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What important economic discovery was made in 1545?
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Potosi silver deposits in Peru.
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After 1545, what became Spain's chief import from the Americas?
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Silver.
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How did Potosi contribute to the counter-Reformation?>
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It funded the militaristic side of the Counter-Reformation.
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What allowed Spain to control the global market for Chinese products?
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Discovery of Silver at Postosi.
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What two countries dominate the Age of Exploration until 1600? Why?
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Spain and Portugal. Other countries have too many domestic/religious issues.
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Where did the major population growth in Europe occur?
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Rural regions, not cities.
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How did population growth contribute to inflation?
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More food needed, so new unfertile lands are used, thus raising the price of agriculture.
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How did the Age of Exp. contribute to the inflation?
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trade= money
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What economic job was least affected by inflation, or a steady rise in prices?
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The price of hired laborers.
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How did inflation and pop. growth benefit merchants?
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More consumers, higher stock values, loans that could actually be repaid.
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How did inflation benefit royal governments?
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More tax money and money for armies.
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In the big picture, how did the economy change from the 1300's to the 1800's?
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Changed from a town-centered economy to a capitalistic, nation-centered economy.
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What was Johann Fugger's first job? How did he rise to success?
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1. Cotton cloth brings in large income.
2. Sells Eastern spices, etc. Very large income. 3. Invest in mining. Very large income. 4. Loans $ to Charles V. to help him pay for HRE (1519). 5. Becomes a banker for the Habsburgs. 6. Helps finance Portugal's trade with Asia. |
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Why were bankers like the Fuggers allowed to achieve such success?
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There was a need for someone to manage long distance trading of popular items.
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What led to the downfall of the Fugger family?
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Habsburg bankruptcies and Germany's poor 1500's economy.
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Until the 1400's England's chief export/import was...
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exported raw wool, imported finished wool.
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What changed in England's wool usage after 1400?
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They began spinning, weaving and dyeing it in England.
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What did it mean in England to "put out" work?
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Give rural people their own looms to make cloth. This stopped restrictive town guilds. Cloth could be made and sold at a cheaper price.
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What was the laborer like in the 1500s?
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1. worked by his employer's need.
2. Freelance-like job. 3. No interest/knowledge besides his own skill. 4. Alive by his own farming, not vitally dependent on his labor. |
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What was the average 1500's capitalist like?
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1. a manager/entrepeneur.
2. No knowledge of his workers. 3. Owned all his materials/equipment. 4. Coordinated everything that was made. |
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How did capitalist gain fame?
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By having a large business.
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What was the main societal institution that suffered with the advent of 1500's capitalism?
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Restrictive trade guilds.
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What were the large-scale capitalistic enterprises?
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Mining, printing, shipbuilding, military supplies.
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What were the most popular bulk-trade items?
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Rice, sugar and tea.
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Where, besides the Americas, did trade begin to flourish.
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Inside Europe.
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What does it mean to loan on interest?
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You get back more money than you originally loaned.
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What term did the church use to define interest?
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usury
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What was Luther's opinion of the Fugger family and interest?
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He didn't approve of them.
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How did society come to accept loaning on interest?
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Loaning on interest began to be seen as an economic advantage, interest rates fell, banks were established. Interest was seen as an important asset to a Capitalist economy.
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What were the three aspects of the Commercialization of Industry?
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1. merchants, 2. industry, 3. producers.
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What was the key to merchant success?
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Knowing where something could be successfully sold.
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Was mercantilism laissez-faire?
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No, it was controlled by the gov't.
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What factors contributed to the rise of mercantilism?
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1. Rulers needed $, so they began to regulate merchants.
2. Need/desire for a strong, self-sufficient econ. |
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What was the proper import/export system for a successful economy?
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More exports than imports. No imports except for necessary raw materials.
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What was Parliament's Statute of Artificers in 1563?
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Regulated trade guilds- terms of admission and wages for certain trades.
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Why doesn't France get rid of guilds?
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It wants to tax them, use them as tools of royal power.
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What English Law of 1601 outlawed idleness and unemployment?
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The English Poor Law.
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How did England learn to dye and finish wool and spread the knowledge?
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It imported skilled people.
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What was Henry VII's 1496 treaty with Flanders about?
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Gov't support of his merchants in Flanders.
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What did tariff barriers against imports accomplish?
Why were internal tariffs disliked? |
Reduced competition. Internal tariffs discouraged free trade.
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What was the ultimate key to unlocking awesome merchant success?
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Government support-$ and protection.
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Why did trading companies grow? (East India companies, etc.)
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Europeans trading far-away can't be independent.
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What was the main rule of trading companies?
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Only company merchants can trade in their company's region.
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What led to the initial "overhaul" of Spanish/Portuguese trade monopolies?
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Creation of trading companies by Dutch and England and France.
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What three main movements affected social structure, 1400-1600ish?
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Commercial Rev., Pop. Growth, Inflation.
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What was the social ladder?
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Landed Aristocracy, Middle Class/Peasants, Urban poor.
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Who were small freeholders? How did they get rich?
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Peasants who held their own land but paid fees to a manorial lord. Pop. growth meant a surge in agricultural prices, allowing these peasants to actually earn money on their land.
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Who made up the landed aristocracy?
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Former estate/feudal lords.
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What did the aristocracy do when their estates became less successful?
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joined king's army, got big gov't/church positions.
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What were two of the aristocracy's biggest values?
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Education and ancestry (stops new $).
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What was the name for the middle class?
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Bourgeosie.
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How did the Bourgeosie differ economically from the landed aristocracy?
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No land, but no other clear economic difference.
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What various positions could define a member of the bourgeosie?
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1. urban elite (gov't) 2. merchant, banker, shipownder, lawyer, doctor, judge, etc.
3. Clergy 4. Small retailer/innkeepers. |
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Which country had the most blending b/w the aristocracy and the bourgeosie?
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England.
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Who made up the working class/poor?
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Unskilled wage laborers- miners, fisherman, sailors, domestic servants, homeless.
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When did the idea of Charitable Relief spring up?
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1590's (Poor Law, view that poor needed to be separate from society).
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Did wages for the working class increase because of inflation?
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No. The class divide therefore grew considerably b/w middle and lowest classes.
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What inspired a new demand for education in the middle 1500's?
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Conter Ref- need for a smart clergy, need for literate clerks in commerce, need for more understanding of commerce, need for able lawyers.
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How many French Universities were founded b/w 1580-1640?
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92.
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How did England improve its education system?
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Founding of secondary "grammar" schools.
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Who were the Ursuline Sisters?
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Founded 350 Italian convents to educate girls.
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Did only Protestant countries push for education?
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No, both Protestant and Catholic countries pushed for education.
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Who did Spanish U's cater to?
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Hidalgos, or lesser nobles.
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Who did French U's cater to?
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mainly upper class, but includes all classes.
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Who did English U's cater to?
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Mainly plebeians; but very inclusive.
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How did monarchs benefit capitalism?
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Granted monopolies, borrowed $ from bankers, issued royal charters.
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How did monarchs benefit their aristocracy?
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Royal taxes that benefited the rich, "made" nobles, tax exemptions for rich.
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What did the English/Spanish gov'ts do to promote economic growth?
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Spain- inhibited econ. growth. England- promoted econ. growth.
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Instead of the peasants, who benefited from inflation in E. Europe? Why?
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The lords benefited from inflation b/c the peasant's land was more dependent on the lord.
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What allowed E. European lords to increase their outputs?
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Increase in market for wood, Baltic shipbuilding, grains.
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What did E. European peasants turn into?
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Serfs.
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How did the Wars of Religion contribute to the lord/serf relationship in E. Europe?
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It worsened it.
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What was robot?
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3-4 days/week of forced labor endured by E. European serfs.
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Why did lords in E. Europe have so much power?
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Very little centralization in E. Europe, not even real towns are prosperous!
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What did the lord's authority represent?
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An independent entity with complete control over his serfs.
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What did Charles V do in 1556?
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He abdicated the HRE and retired to a monastery.
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What was most important part of the year 1555?
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The Peace of Augsburg.
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Who was the next HRE after Charles V, how was he related, and what did he inherit?
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Next HRE was Charles V's brother Ferdinand. He inherited Austria, Bohemia and the Netherlands.
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Who was King of Spain in 1550's and how was he related to Charles V?
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Philip II, Charles' son.
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How was the Habsburg family split?
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Austrian Habsburgs (Ferdinand) vs. Spanish Habsburgs (Philip II).
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By 1580, what did Philip II inherit?
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PORTUGAL, Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Naples, Tunis, W. Mediterannean Sea.
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What was Philip II's other job in 1553-1558 and why?
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He was King of England b/w 1553-1558 b/c he was the husband of Bloody Mary.
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What was Philip II's most valuable territory?
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Entire Spanish America.
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What was the main purpose (to Philip)of Phillip II's reign?
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He wanted complete control of the Med. Sea from the Ottoman Empire (Turks). He was not a true crusader for Catholicism.
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What was the "Siglo de Oro"? When was it? What fueled it?
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Spain's Golden Age, 1550-1650. Fueled by money from exploration.
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Who were Spain's main cultural figures during the Siglo de Oro?
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Miguel De Cervantes, Lope de Vega (dramatist), El Greco, Murillo, Velazquez (painters), Suarez (Jesuit philosopher)
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What was Philip II's "Versailles"?
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His Escorial. It was the center of Sp
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What was the shape of the Escorial?
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Shape of a grill to honor the death of St. Lawrence.
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How many provinces made up the Netherlands?
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17 provinces
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When did Netherland's nationalism grow and why?
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At the election of Philip II as their leader--he was foreign and disliked.
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Why were there many Calvinists in the Netherlands?
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They had fled from France.
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What did Prot/Cath nobles do in 1566 in reaction to Philip II's use of the inquisition in the Netherlands?
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They formed a United league to stop the use of the Inquisition.
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What did Philip II do in response to the Netherland's pleas to stop the Inquisition?
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He refused to stop the Inquisition.
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What was the Revolt of the Netherlands?
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Lower-class Calvinists destroyed churches b/c of economic/social/religious grievances, also in reaction of Philip's not-stopping the Inquisition.
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Did the Nobles approve of the Revolt of the Netherlands?
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No. They returned to appease Spain.
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How does Philip II react to the Revolt of the Netherlands?
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He sends in the Duke of Alva and the Inquisition. The Duke of Alva becomes the Cath. Gov. General.
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What does the Duke of Alva do in the Netherlands?
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He starts the Council of Blood/ Council of Troubles.
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What does the Council of Troubles accomplish?
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Kills thousands, creates new taxes, confiscates estates of nobles--all against state uprising.
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Which famous noble has his land taken away in the Council of Troubles?
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William of Orange.
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What does William of Orange do after his land is taken away?
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He rises to power, spurs rebellions...makes Spain have an even worse retaliation.
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What do the Netherlands Provinces do in 1576?
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They unite against Spain.
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Why did Elizabeth send money to the Netherlands secretly?
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She was against Spain, b/c there was a threat of Spain and English Catholics uprising against Elizabeth.
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What was Mary Stuart the Queen of?
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First she was the Queen of France, until her husband died early. Next, she was the Queen of Scotland, but she was overthrown by Calvinists.
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What does Elizabeth do to Mary Queen of Scots?
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Mary posed a threat to Elizabeth's throne, so Elizabeth imprisoned her for 20 years.
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Who became the Gov. General of the Netherlands after the Duke of Alva? in 1576?
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Don Juan, Spanish naval hero from the Battle of Lepanto.
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What was Don Juan's grand plan?
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He wanted to use the Netherlands as a base for invading England, then overthrow Elizabeth, and place Mary Stuart as Queen and himself as King.
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How did Elizabeth react to news of Don Juan's grand plan?
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She signs a treaty with United anti-Spanish Netherlands provinces.
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What happens to Don Juan in 1578?
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He dies.
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Who becomes the gov. general of the Netherlands after Don Juan?
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The Prince of Parma
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What Union do the N. 7 provinces form in 1579 against the Prince of Parma?
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The Union of Utrecht.
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What do the Union of Utrecht Providences do in 1581?
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They declare their independence from Spain and become the United Provinces fo the Netherlands, or HOLLAND.
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Who was Holland's leader?
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William of Orange.
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What does Parma do in 1585?
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He attacks Antwerp and threatens easy access to England.
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How does Elizabeth react to Parma's attack on Antwerp?
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She sends 6000 troops to the Netherlands under the Earl of Leicester.
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Does England unite during the war with Spain?
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Yes, major outburst of Nationalism.
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How was the war England+Netherlands vs. Spain fought?
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Open sea piracy
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Who does Elizabeth execute in 1587, after hearing word of a Spanish armada?
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Mary Queen of Scots
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Who was Sir Francis Drake?
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English "sea dog", heroic in sea piracy.
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What was Philip II's reason for gathering the Spanish Armada?
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He wanted to conquer England, instead of wasting time with the sea piracy.
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When was the Spanish Armada?
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1588
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Where was the Spanish Armada supposed to go?
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Sail to the Netherlands, take Parma's army to England.
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What was the size of the Spanish Armada?
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The largest ever. 130 ships, 30000 men, 2400 artillery.
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What stopped the Spanish Armada?
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200 English ships in the English channel.
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Why was the Spanish Armada defeated?
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lighter/faster English ships drive it out to sea, then a huge storm blows the Armada into ultimate destruction.
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What Spanish King dies in 1598?
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Philip II.
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What makes England more sea-powerful in 1600?
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Founding of the English East India Company
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What was the 12 year's truce of 1609?
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The Netherlands are split b/w 7 Northern provinces (Dutch) which are both Prot. and Cath., and 10 Southern provinces which are the "Spanish Netherlands," and all Catholic.
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How do the Dutch gain power b/w 1602 and 1612?
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The founding of Dutch E. India company, New York, as a result of booming N. Amsterdam.
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After the death of Philip II in 1598, Spain is completely dependent on this economically?
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imported gold/silver
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Why didn't Spain enjoy benefits of the commercial rev?
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Too many minor aristocrats who thought themselves "above" mundane work after their victories in wars against heretics.
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Who leaves Spain between 1609-1611?
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The expulsion of Moriscos, who were the most successful Spaniards at the time. They are sent away on boats, over 100,000 of them. Causes pop. drop and economic loss.
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Who became King after the death of Philip II?
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King Philip IV
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Who was King Philip IV's main gov't minister?
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Count of Olivares
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What were the main goals of the Count of Olivares?
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He wanted centralization, control over church and aristocracy.
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Was Count of Olivares popular?
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NO!
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What happened to Portugal in 1640?
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Reestablished its independence from Spain.
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Who rebels against Spain in 1640?
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Cataolonia in the Catalan War, Catholic uprising against the Count of Olivares. France helps Catalonian rebels, but in the end, Spain wins.
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Were the French Wars of Religion more about religion or politics?
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Politics, state vs. centralization.
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Why was Calvinism so influential in France?
|
Calvin was French.
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Why did Calvinism take root in France?
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Since the Concordat of Bologna, France had no strong ties to Rome. Therefore, the French gov't wasn't very supporting of a Prot. Rev. Radicals were the only ensuing force.
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Who made of the Huguenots?
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Nobility, lords who wanted the right of religion on their estates installed their own Calvinist ministers and made their peasants catholic. Also included were bourgeois oligarchy.
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Why do French Kings/Lutherans/Anglicans disapprove of the Huguenots?
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It threatens the idea of a ntl. church and a ntl. monarchy.
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What French King is accidentally killed in a duel in 1559?
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Henry II
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Who does Henry II leave behind when he dies?
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Sons Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III, and wife Catherine de'Medici. He also leaves behind a monarchy in chaos.
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What was the cause of the French civil War? (1560's-1590s)
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No real monarchy in place after the death of King Henry II, so Huguenots and Catholics are fighting for the throne.
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Who were the major Huguenot leaders during the French civil war?
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Admiral de Coligny and Henry of Bourbon, King of Navarre
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Who were the major Catholic leaders during the French Civil War?
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The Guise Family
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Who was in the middle of the Guise/Huguenot war?
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Catherine de'Medici
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What events led up to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572?
|
Catherine de'Medici feared Admiral de Coligny's growing influence over her young son, King Charles IX.
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What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572?
|
Many Huguenots were in Paris celebrating the marriage of Henry of Navarre, and Catherine de'Medici killed 1000s of them in a surprise attack. She also has Coligny killed.
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What is the result of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572?
|
Renewed civil war in France, Spain invades France.
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Who were the Politiques?
|
Secular prots and Caths who wanted civil order over religious turmoil. Famous politiques were Henry of Navarre and Jean Bodin.
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Who was Jean Bodin?
|
Philosopher who developed the modern theory of royal absolutism.
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Who is assassinated in 1589 (France)
|
Henry III and Henry of Guise.
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Who gains power legally in 1589?
|
Henry of Navarre, who becomes Henry IV.
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What is the significance of Henry IV's quote "Paris is well worth a mass"?
|
The Catholics wouldn't recognize him a king, so they barred him from Paris. in 1593, Henry IV converted to Catolicism.
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What is the result of Henry IV converting to Catholicism in 1593?
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He estranges Huguenots.
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How does Henry IV make up for his estrangement of Huguenots in 1598?
|
With the 1598 Edict of Nantes.
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What was the Edict of Nantes?
|
Protestant is allowed in your own home, but cannot be in Paris. Caths and Prots have equal rights, Prots can have their own defense.
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How does Henry IV appease Catholics after the Edict of Nantes (1598)?
|
He does favors for the Jesuits.
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How does Henry IV repair France after the Civil Wars?
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He promises a "Chicken in the pot" for every Frenchman, restores gov't, collects taxes, repairs infrastructure, increases mercantilism, etc.
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How is Henry IV's reign the beginning of royal absolutism?
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He makes his decisions without ever summoning the Estates General.
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What happens to Henry IV in 1610?
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He is assassinated;.
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Who takes over in 1610 in France? What happens?
|
Marie de'Medici takes power, failed Estates General occurs.
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Who is the true power-holder after the death of Henry IV in 1610?
|
Cardinal Richelieu
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What was Cardinal Richelieu's political standing?
|
He was a politique who valued centralization.
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Who leads a Huguenot rebellion against Richelieu in 1627?
|
The Duke of Rohan.
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How does Richelieu end the Huguenot rebellion of 1627?
|
Peace of Alais, an amendment to the Edict of Nantes, which takes away the right of Prots. defense.
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What religion was the Palatinate?
|
A Calvinist State
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What unions form in 1608/1609?
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Protestant Union and League of Catholic States (Bavaria and Spain?)
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What treaty expired in 1621 (Spain and Dutch)
|
The 12 Year's Truce
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What was France's main fear about Germany?
|
That it would be united.
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What two large empires were going against eachother before/during 30 year's war for territory?
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Austrian vs. Spanish Habsburgs.
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What was phase 1 of the 30 year's war?
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The Bohemian War (1618-1625)
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Who was HRE and King of Bohemia in 1618?
|
Matthias
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Who throws two of Matthias's HRE emmisaries out the window in Prague?
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Prot. Czechs in 1618.
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What does Matthias do once his emmisaries are thrown out of the window?
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He sends troops to Prague.
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What happens to Matthias in Prague?
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He is overthrown.
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Who do the Bohemians elect as their new King?
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Calvinist Elector Palatine, who becomes Frederick V.
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Who does the HRE elect as the new HRE after Matthias?
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Ferdinand.
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What 1620 battle does Ferdinand and Span. troops defeat Frederick V?
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Battle of the White Mountain, where Frederick becomes the "Winter King"
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Who becomes King of Bohemia after Battle of White Mountain?
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Ferdinand, HRE.
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What does HRE Ferdinand do as King of Bohemia?
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Takes away 1/2 of noble estates and gives money to new nobles, churches.
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What has happened to the Prot. union by 1621?
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it has dissolved.
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What is phase 2 of the 30 year's war?
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The Danish War (1625-1629)
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IS Phase 2 (The Danish War) more religious or political?
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Religious
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Who was the Duke of Holstein?
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King Christian IV of Denmark, who emerged as a Prot. leader in 1625- phase 2. He gathers aid from the Dutch and English.
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What does HRE Ferdinand do in response to the growing power of King Christian IV?
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He gets Albert of Wallenstein to raise an army.
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What was Albert of Wallenstein's army like?
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Very tortuous and bad.
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What does Albert of Wallenstein and his army do?
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They invade Denmark and overthrow King Christian Iv.
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What was the 1629 Edict of Restitution?
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After Denmark became Catholic, HRE Ferdinand went ahead and made all German prot. states become Catholic again.
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What was Phase 3 of the 30 Year's War? (1630-1635)
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The Swedish War 1630-1635
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Was Phase 3 more religious or political?
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more religious
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Why is France, under Richelieu, so concerned with fighting the HRE?
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They are afraid of the growing threat of a united Germany.
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What does France, under Richelieu, do to defend against the HRE?
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Richelieu finds the King of Sweden, Agustus Adolphus, and promises him mucho money if he can supply Prot. Germany with 40000 troops.
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The Swedes are successful in military defeats against HRE in Germany until 1632 when...
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Gustavus Adolphus is killed in battle.
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What is the 1635 Peace of Prague?
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Wallenstein has been killed, Swedes are getting nowhere, this is an agreement b/w HRE and Prot states to stop supporting Swedes.
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What does HRE Ferdinand do to the Edict of Restitution in 1635?
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He annuls it.
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What is Phase 4 of the 30 Year's War?
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The Swedish-French War (1635-1648)
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Who is Richelieu still feeling threatened by in 1635 and what does he do about it?
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He still feels threatened by the Habsburgs, so he hires German Prince Bernard of Saxe-Weimar to maintain a German army for France.
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What is important about Bernard of Saxe-Weimar--the very action of Richelieu's to use him for France?>
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France is openly supporting PRot. Germany.
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What does Spain do to France in Phase 4?
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It invades France
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When was the Peace of Westphalia?
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1648
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Who was rep'd by the Peace of Westphalia?
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EVERY main entity in Europe, including the pope.
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What did the Peace of Westphalia do?
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Renewed terms of peace of Augsburg, ok'd Calvinism, dissolved the HRE, took away main powers of HRE on German states, blocked the counter-ref., angered Austrian HAbsburgs.
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