Ap Euro: Ch11: The Age Of Reformation: 1-64

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-establish Modern Devotion, centralized in Netherlands

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Gerald Groote

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-fostered religious life outside formal ecclestical officies and apart from formal religious vows

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The Modern Devotion (Brothers of the Common Life)

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-summarized philosophy of Common Life Brothers in book
-guide to inner life

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Thomas a Kempis/ "Imitation of Christ"

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officies granted by ruler or pope to individual

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benefice

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-righteousness that God demands does not result fom religious cerimonies but given to those who believe in Christ
-challenges infallibility of Pope, wants sovereign athority of Scripture alone

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Martin Luther

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-by Luther, seemed to demand a perfection that could not be given by humans

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"righteousness of God"

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-Luther, gradual process that extended b/t 1513 and 1518

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"justification by faith alone"

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remission of temporal penalty imposed by priests on penitents

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indulgence

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-refers to money given to preists by sinners as payment for their mortal sins

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"works of satisfaction"

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-proclaimed existence of ___
- infinite reservoir of good works in churchs possession that could be given by pope

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1343: Pope Clement VI: "treasury of merit"

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-on basis of 'treasury of merit' church sold these which covered the works of satisfaction owed by penitents

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"letters of indulgences"

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Pope Leo X
-proceeds from were to be used to rebuild St. Peters Basilica
-promised forgivness of all unrepented sins upon completion of certain acts

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1517: Jubillee Indulgence

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-indulgence preacher; enlisted to preach the indulgence in Albrechts territories b/c seasoned professional who reached people

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John Tetzel

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-embraced by humanists and other reforms
-made luther famous and prompted proceedings against him

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"95 Thesis"/Whittenburg Door

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-succeeded grandfather and became___
-assisted by Hapsburg imperial rule and Fugger campaigne chest secured votes of seven electors
-development of REformation by preventing unilateral imperial action against germans

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Charles I of Spain/ Emperor Charles V

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-urged german princes to force reforms on Roman church especially to curtail political and economic power in germany

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1520: "The Address of the Christian Nobility of the Geramn Nation"

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-attacked traditional seven sacraments, arguing only two, Baptism and Eucharist, were biblical, and exalted authority of Scripture, councils, princes over pope

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1520: "The Babylonian Captivity of the Church"

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-summarized new teaching of salvation by faith alone

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1520: "Freedom of a Christian"

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-Leo's papal bull__condemned luther for heresy and gave him 60 days to retract

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June 15, 1520: "Exsurge Domine

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final bull that excommunicated Luther

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January 3, 1521: Decet Pontificem Romanum

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-each german territory was free to enforce the Edict of Worms against Luther
-gave princes territorial sovereignty in religious matters

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1526: German Diet of Speyer

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-Luther placed under imperial ban and thereafter became an outlaw to secular and religious athority

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1521: Edict of Worms

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-influenced by Euramus; opossed indulgences
-competed for priest in Zurich but contested b/c fornitcation with woman but got position and reformed for clergy to marry
--party to breaking of Lenten fast; whatever lacked literal support in Scripture was to be neither believed or practiced

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Ulrich Zwingli/ Swiss Reformation

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-Philip of Hesse brouth 2 Protestant learders together but they were unable to work out differences
-disagreement splintered Protestant movment

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1529: Marburg Colloquy

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-'thanksgiving' celebration of last supper; considered central christian ritual
-doctrine that entire substances of bread and wine are changed in the Eucharist into body and blood of Christ

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Eucharist/ Transubstantiation
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definitive statement of Lutheran belief

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Augsburg Confession

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-seperate defense leagues formed, semi-Swinglian theological views came embodied in

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Tetrapolitan Confession

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-to rebaptize
-distinguished by rejection of infant babtism adn insistence on only adult baptism

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Anabaptist

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-Anabaptists originated; performed first adult rebaptism in Zurich
-supported sity gov plea for gradual removal of tradictional religous practices
-his group

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Conrad Grebel/ The Swiss Brethren

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-Swiss Brethren embodied in
-not only by their practise of adult bap. but also by refusal to go to war, swear oaths, and participate in secular gov

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1527: Schleitheim Confession

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-isolated indiv.-distain for tradition
-only religous athority is God

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Spiritualist

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-freelance critic of dogmatic religion, proclaimed the religious autonomy of every soul

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Sebastian Franck

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-exponents of a commonsense, rational, and ethical religion

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Antitrinitiarns

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-a founder of Socinianism
-strongest opponents of Calvinism--its belief in original sin and predestination

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Faustus Sozzini/ Socinianism

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-german sociologist;famous study-argues that this peculiar combination of religious confidence and self-disciplined activism produced an ethic that stimulated spirit of emergant capitalism

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Max Weber/ (1904) "The Protestant Ethic and the Spitit of Capitalism"

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-son of bishop; own experience became model of reform that would later apply to recalitrant citizenry of Geneva
-stressed sovereignty of God over all and necessity of conformity to His will

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John Calvin

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-considered to be difinitive theological statement of Protestant faith
-by Calvin

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"Institutes of Christian Religion"

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-achieve his goal
-'model Protestant city'
-organized into 4 offices: 1-pastors; 2- teachers; 3- elders; 4- deacons

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Strasbourg Model

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-they should live in a manifestly God-pleasing way
-God had foreordanined all souls to salvation or damination (Calvinism)

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the "elect"/ predestination

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-strong worded Protestant confession by Luther in place of Augsburg Confession

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1538: Schmalkadic Articles

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Charles reinstated the Protestant leaders and guaranteed Lutherans religiou freedom

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1552: Peace of Passau

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made division of Christendom permanent

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1555: Peace of Augsburg

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the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land

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cuius regio, eius religio

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-english reformer who translatd New Testament into English

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William Tyndale

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King Henry VIII defended seven sacraments against Luther and earned___from Leo X

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Defender of the Faith

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-daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
-daughter Mary, husband Henry VIII
-Charles worried about female heir

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Catherine of Aragon

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-had Catherine, took Boleyn
-could not get annulment
-why not declare king supreme in English spiritual affairs

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Henry VIII

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placed canon law under royal control and thereby the clergy under royal jurisdiction

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1532: Submission of the Clergy

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made Anne Boleyn's children legitamate heirs to the throne

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1534: Act of Succession

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by Parliament in 1534 that Henry VIII not the Pope was head of Church in England

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1534: Act of Supremacy

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-1536 executed for treason and child called illagitimate
-Henry VIII second wife

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Anne Boleyn

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-mild concessions to Protestant tenets, otherwise maintaining Catholic doctrine

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Ten Articles of 1536

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-imposed Cranmers book on all English churches

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1549: Act of Uniformity

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-images and alters were removed form churches

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Thomas Cranmer/ "Book of Common Prayer"

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-42 article
-moderate Protestant doctrine; justification by faith, supremacy of Scripture

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1552: Second Act of Conformity

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"Men are to be changed by, not to change, religion"
-by superior general of Hermits of Saint Augustine

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1513: Fifth Lateran Council

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-religious order of 16th century
-to groom devout and reform minded leaders at high levels of church hierarchy

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1524: Theatines

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-founder of Jesuits
-heroic figure; impressed by self sacrifice in Christian classics decided to serve church as a soldier of Christ

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Ignatius of Loyola

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-new order of Jesuits
-by Ignatius of Loyola in 1530s
-officially recognized in 1540 by church
-original 10 members to 15000 all over world

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Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

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-Ignatitus applied lessons he learned to a program of religious and moral self discipline embodied in
-mental and emotional exercises to teach spiritual mastery of feelings
-can reshape behavior by practice

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"Spiritual Exercises"

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-council of church met in 1545 at imperial city in northern Italy
-3 sessions over 18 years with interruptions of war, plague, and politics
-spaned over 4 diff popes
-under Popes control only
-most important reform: steps taken to surtail selling of church officies
-sought to give priest brighter image

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Council of Trent

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selling of church officies

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simony

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-contended that conquest was not necessary for conversion
-result of campaign was new royal regulation of conquest after 1550

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Bartolome de Las Casas

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-another result of Las Casas compaign
-portrayed all Spanish treatment of Indians as unprincipled and inhumane

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"Black Legend"

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-Calvins successor
-founded Genevan Academy; evolved into University of Geneva
-training Calvinist ministers

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Thedore Beza

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