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96 Cards in this Set

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"being able to do anything that does not harm another being".
Liberalism
NOT that everyone should be equal economically. Lacked strong support because common people were more concerned with food.
People alone have the authority to make laws limiting an individual's freedom of action.
Sovereignty
If a government oversteps its funstions of protecting life, liberty, and private property, it becomes a tyranny.
John Locke
Believed in representative government through Parliament.
Educated, prosperous middle class groups.
Beourgeoisie
Believe in representative governments.
Tax on documents, result of a large army maintained by the British in North America after the Seven Years' War
Stamp Act
Much lower tax on Americans than British, protested because Americans not represented in the government.
People in government body only voted for by people who own property.
Representative Government
Did not mean democracy.
Written by Thomas Jefferson, listed tyrannical acts commited by George III, proclaimed the natural rights of mankind and the sovereignty of the American states.
Declaration of Independence
At first everyone "equal in the pursuit of property", then "equal in the pursuit of happiness". Made the rights of the English into the universal rights for all of mankind.
Tried to tax the American colonies through the Stamp Act, had no American members.
Parliament
British government felt its supremacy could not be argued.
British government permitted it to ship its tea from China directly to its agents in the colonies.
British East India Company
Gained a mnopoly on tea after financially hard-pressed, so colonial merchants excluded from shipping business.
Boston men disguised as Indans threw British East India Company's tea into the harbor.
Boston Tea Party
Protest against Brit E.I. Trading Co.'s exclusive monopoly on tea shipping.
Closed the port of Boston, curtailed local elections and town meetings, and greatly expanded the royal governor's power.
Coercive Acts
Colonists in America protested and urged that the acts be removed because they were an attempt to enslave America.
Met in Philadelphia, where the more radical members argued successfully against concession (giving in) to the crown.
First Continental Congress
Met against the Coercive Acts.
Adopted the Declaration of Independence.
Second Continental Congress
Book which mobilized public opinion in favo of independence, ridiculed the idea of a small island ruling a great continent.
"Common Sense"
Thomas Paine wrote it.
King of England during the American Revolution.
King George III
Imposed taxes on the American colonies with Parliament's consent.
Sent by French to help Americans in Virginia, became one of Washington's most trusted generals.
Marquis de Lafayette
Returned home from America with a love of liberty and republican convictions. Appointed commander of Paris' armed forces by the people after storming the Bastille.
Britain recognized the independence of the thirteen colonies and ceded all its territory between the Allegheny Mountains and the mississip River to the Americans.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Between Britain and America, they decided to cut their losses.
Executive, Legislative, and judicial branches all systematically balance one another.
Checks and Balances
Montesquieu's idea.
Created by the Federalists to spell out the basic freedoms of man.
U.S. Constitution
Started with ten ammendments, the Bill of Rights.
Meant individual freedoms and political safeguards and representative government.
Classical Liberalism
Not necessarily a democracy because of its principle of one person, one vote; equality only in the yes of the law.
King who put France in major debt by having Parliament refuse his plea to raise taxes.
Louis XV
Supported the Americans with borrowed money.
Wanted to put taxes on all classes legally and later tried to establish taxes by decree, but the Parlement of Paris annulled them. Tried to exile the judge but the people protested.
Louis XVI
Called the Assembly of Notables, dismissed them when they refused to raise taxes.
Tried to call the Estates general, gave a speech urging reforms to a joint session of the Estates and then assembled an army to dissolve the Estates.
Louis XVI
Tried to reassert his 'divine right'.
Lost Paris when the peasants stormed the Bastille.
Louis XVI
Led from Versailles to Paris and reluctantly agreed to a constitutional monarchy.
Peasants attacked his palace when they heard rumors of his treason. As a result he fled with his family to the Legislative Assembly.
Louis XVI
Imprisoned by the Legislative Assembly but guillotined under Robespierre's orders.
The first group assembled by Louis XVI in his efforts to raise taxes, after they didn't agree said he had to assemble the Estates General.
The Assembly of Notables
Mainly important noblemen and high ranking clergy, demanded control over all government spending be given to the provincial assemblies in exchange for their support.
Declared Louis XVI's unauthorized taxes to be null and void. Louis XVI tried to exile them but was met with large protest from the people.
Parlement fo Paris
They decreed that the Estates were to meet in separate houses.
The representative body of all three estates.
Estates General
First Estate + Second Estate = 5% Population, Third Estate = 95% Population but First and Second each have the same amount of Power as the Third Estate.
Priveleges of lordship dating back to medieval times.
Manorial Rights
For thes second estate, allowed them to tax peasants for personal profit.
Where the king lived
Versaille
King Louis XVI had to flee his palace in this city after the peasants attacked it and ran to the Legislative Assembly, who imprisoned him.
Argues that the nobility was an overprivileged minority and the third estate constituted the true strength of the French nation.
"What is the Third Estate?"
Written by Abbe Seiyes
Swore the oath of the Tennis Court, issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Replaced the complicated patchwork of province with eighty-three departments of equal size. Followed the King to Paris after the Women's March to Versailles.
National Assembly
The first name the delegates of the third estate adopted.
A series of acts passed by Great Britain limiting the freedom/ rights of the Americans.
Coercive Acts
Established to punish Americans for the Tea Act.
The old government prior to the French Revolution.
Ancien Regime
Example of one of its rulers: Louis XIV
An oath not to disband until they had written a new constitution sworn after the third estate was locked out of their meeting hall.
Oath of The Tennis Court
Sworn by the National Assembly.
Citizens of Paris conquering a tower filled with weapons.
Storming the Bastille
Caused Paris to be lost to the king, caused by the people of Paris fearing that the king's troops would sack their city.
The fear of Vagabonds and outlaws that siezed the countryside after the storming of the Bastille.
Great Fear
Caused by peasants doig their best to free themselves from manorial rights and exploitation, in some places siezing forests and refusing to pay taxes or acting violently towards their lords/ lord's property.
The queen, wife to Louis XVI.
Marie Antoinnette
Hated for her frivolous behavior, the cause of the women's march to Versailles.
"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights." Mankind's rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, every man innocent until proven guilty.
Declaration of the rights of Man
Issued by the National Assembly.
7,000 women marched to Versaille wishing to cut the Queen's head off.
Women's march to Versaille
Armed with scythes, sticks and pikes they invaded the Assembly.
What is it caled when the king remains the main power but must rule according to a written set of laws?
A Constitutional monarchy
Instituted reluctantly by Louis XVI, he was forced to by the National Assembly.
Advocated that women should be limited to domestic duties, leaving politics and most public activities to men, believed by most French men even during the Revolution.
Roussea
Wrote "Emile"
The new paper currency created by the National Assembly.
Assignats
The government used all former Church property as collateral to guarantee this currency.
Defended inherited priveleges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy, glorified the unrepresentative Parliament and predicted throughgoing reform like what was going on in France would only lead to destruction.
"Reflections on the Revolution in France"
by Edmund Burke
Father beat her mother, determined to be independent in a societ expecting middle-class women to be obedient wives. Wrote two books because angered by the writing of Edmund Burke.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Man" and "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", demanding a revolution for a woman's place in society to allow her to have a better education. Marked the birth of the modern women's movement for equal rights.
A writer, Mary Wollstonecraft's ideas paralleled the ones she put forth.
Olympe de Gouges
Angry women GOUGE your eyes out. (yes, a strange way to remember)
Declared the willingness of Austria and Prusia to intervene in France under certain circumtances.
Declaration of Pillnitz
Expected to have a sobering effect on revolutionary France without causing a war.
Saved the king and family from peasants attacking them after capturing the Tuileries, suspended him from all functions, imprisoned him, and called for a new National Convention.
Legislative Assembly
New version of the National Assembly, but none of the members of the National Asssembly where allowed to be in it.
Said the other nations would not accept the Revolution at gunpoint. Spearheaded the Reign Of Terror, killing many people opposing him, Louis XVI and later his collaborrators. He himself was guillottined after he killed most of his collaborrators because people knew they would be next.
Robespierre
A member of the National Assembly who said the Revolution was over when Louis XVI agreed to a constitutional monarchy, he was wrong. Later joined the Committee of Public Safety.
Passionately devoted to liberal revolution and distrustful of monarchy, wanted to incite a war of people against kings, starting against Francis II, the Habsburg monarch.
Jacobins
Most of the Legislative assembly took were decribed with this term.
The ruler of Austria who France goes to war against, Prissia helps him.
Francis II
Tova (me, whose other name is Frances) is a very agressive person... riiight...
First efforts of European powers working together to contain revolutionary France.
First Coalition
Austria + Prussia = AP, our first efforts (to learn history in an AP class)
Proclaimed France a republic, separated into Girondists and the Mountain. Convicted Louis XVI of treason and guillotined him. Already at war with Austria and Prussia they declared war on Britain, Holland, ad Spain. They gave the Committee of Public Safety dictorial power to deal with the national emergency of rebellious Girondists.
National Convention
Replaced the Legislative Assembly.
The fall of the monarchy started this phase.
Second Revolution
France declaring war on Austria until French armies are victorious on all fronts (before Robespierre's death)
Caused by wild stories reaching the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristicrats and priests were plotting with the allied invaders.
September Massacres
Angry crowds invading the prisons of Paris and slaughtering half of the people they found.
More moderate side of the National Convention, rejected the labouring poor's demands for radical political action to guarantee them food, arrested by the Mountains.
Girondists
Feared a bloody dictatorship by the Mountains.
Sat on uppermost left-hand side of hall, later supported the sans-culottes pleas for radical political action and took all power in the National Convention from the Girondists, many of the joined the Committee of Public Safety
The Mountain
Led by Robespierre and George Danton, feared the Girondists would tun to conservatives and even royalists in order to keep their power.
Headed the Mountain with Robespierre.
Georges Danton
Executed by Ronespierre during the Reign of Terror.
Laboring poor and petty traders, "without breeches"
Sans-culottes
Demanded radical political action for food.
Collaborated with the sans-culottes so they had a planned economy and worked mainly to produce arms and ammunition for the wars. Had special revolutionary courts which tried rebels and "enemies of the nation" for political crimes.
Committee of Public Safety
Given dictatorial power by National Convention to deal with revolts.
Rather than supply and demand governing prices, government set maximum allowed price for key products. Fixed the price of bread in Paris and rationing was introduced
Planned Economy
Established by the National Convention.
Led by Robespierre in the Committee of Public Safety, used revolutionary fear to solidify the home front.
Reign of Terror
Many people died every single day for being "enemies of the nation.
Created to be able to kill many people quickly and cleanly.
guillotine
Used to kill Louis XVI and by Robespierre to kill everyone, by the people to kill Robespierre.
Patriotic dedication to a national state and mission.
nationalism
Most decisive element in France's victory over the First Coalition.
Reaction by the people to the Reign of Terror.
Thermidorian reaction
The five-man executive chosen by the new National Convention. When people chose more conservative people for the National Convention they feared for their lives and began governing dictatorially.
the Directory
Continued supporting French military expansion abroad because large, victorious armies reduced unemployment in France and would live off the land they conquered.
Won brilliant victories for France in Italy though originally from Corsica. His campain in Egypt was a failure but he returned before anyone knew and helped conspirators overthrow the Directory, naming Napoleon first consul of the republic. He worked out unwritten agreements with powerful groups in France and gave France equality of male citizens before the law and security of private wealth in his Civil Code.
Napoleon
Established the Bank of France, granted amnesty to 10,000 old nobility on the condition they return to France and take a loyalty oath.
Said that women were dependent of their fathers or husbands and could not do ANYThing legally themselves.
Napoleonic Code
Aimed to create a family monarchy where males had power over wife and children.
Napoleon sent them peace feelers.
Second Coalition
Austria and Great Britain were the ony members left in 1799.
The sudden unconstitutional overthrow of a government by a part of the state to replace it.
coup d'etat
Example: Napoleon does it to the Directory.
Reasserted two fundamental principles of the 1789 revolution: all men are equal in the eyes of law and security of wealth.
Civil Code of 1804
Napoleon's bargain with the middle class.
Signs the Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon.
Pope Pius VII
Disappointed and insulted because Napoleon crowns himself emperor when pope has that job.
Pope gained for French Catholics the right to practice their religion freely, but Napoleon gained political power.
Concordat of 1801
Because of this Napoleon's government now dominates bishops, pays the clergy, and exerted great influence over C hurch in France. Still, Napoleon did not like giving any power to the pope.
Husband and Father have absolute power over wife and kids.
Family Monarchy
Encouraged by Napoleon in the Napoleonic Code.
Brother of Napoleon, left in charge of a large area: Nepotism!
Joseph Bonaparte
Austria accepted the loss of almost all of its Italian possessions and German territory to west of the rhine given to France.
Treaty of Luneville
After Napoleon defeats the Austrians when they refuse peace feelers.
Great Britain and France withdrew from each others' territory and declared peace.
Treaty of Amiens
England annihilated Spanish and French fleets sent their way with Lord Nelson.
Battle of Trafalgar
Ended the peace from the Treay of Amiens.
Brilliant victory by Napoleon over Austria and Russia.
Battle of Austerlitz
Causes the third coalition to collapse
Leader of Russia, pulls back after the Battle of Austerlitz.
Alexander I
A union of fifteen German states minus Austria, Prussia, ad Saxony.
German Confederation of the Rhine
Napoleon named himself "protector" of the confederation and firmly controlled western Germany.
Thee parts: core= France (including Belgium, Holland, Italy, Germany), second= dependent satellite kigdoms whose thrones had his relatives, third = independent and allied states: Austria, Prussia, Russia
Grand Empire
Napoleon saw himself as emperor of Europe, not just France.
Only 1/3 French, rest allies, sent to invade Russia.
Grand Army
Organized to exclude British goods from the continent and force it to its knees.
Continental Blockade
Done by Napoleon, FAILED!
Assembled a litte before the Battle of Trafalgar, dissolved after battle of Austerlitz.
Third Coalition
Austria, Russia, Sweden and Britain joined.
A draw, the Russians retreated.
Battle of Borodino
Where Napoleon was headed when he had the Battle of Borodino.
Moscow
Alexander ordered it evacuated and then burned it so French soldiers would have nothing to live on.
Proposed that Napoleon accept France reduced to its historical size, Austria's foreign minister.
Metternich
Probablu would have worked but Napoleon refused.
Held together, intended to last 20 years.
Quadruple Alliance
Austria and Prussia deserted France for Russia and Great Britain.
Island the victorious allies granted Napoleon after he abdicated the throne.
Elba
Napoleon was allowed to keep his imperial title and given 2 million francs per year
Monarch allies replaced Napoleon with to continue the Bourbon dynasty, instituted the Constitutional Charter.
Lousi XVIII
Lacked the glory and magic of Napoleon. He fled when Napoleon escaped Elba and regained control of France.
Accepted many of France's revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties.
Constitutional Charter
Gave france a constitutional monarch similar to what Louis XVI was forced to accept, but fewer people had right to vote for representatives to the resurrected Chamber for Deputies.
Lower house of the French Parliament which few people had the right to vote for representatives in.
Chamber of Deputies
The amount of time Napoleon siezed power for after escaping Elba.
Hundred Days
Where the allies crushed the newly self-instated ruler of France.
Waterloo
Where Napoleon was imprisoned after the Hundred Days.
St. Helena
after Hundered days, Helen, both start with 'H'