Ap Environmental Set 4

Front 1

Age structure diagrams

Back 1

(broad base, rapid growth)(narrow base, negative growth)(uniform shape, zero growth)

Front 2

1st & 2nd most populated countries

Back 2

China & India

Front 3

Most important thing affecting population growth

Back 3

low status of women

Front 4

Ways to decrease birth rate

Back 4

family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties

Front 5

Percent water on earth by type

Back 5

97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater

Front 6

Salinization of soil

Back 6

in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind

Front 7

Ways to conserve water

Back 7

agriculture, drip/trickle irrigation)( industry, recyling) (home, use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures)

Front 8

Point vs non point sources

Back 8

Point, from specific location such as pipe)(Non-point, from over an area such as runoff)

Front 9

BOD

Back 9

biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials

Front 10

Eutrophication

Back 10

rapid algal growth caused by an excess of N & P

Front 11

Hypoxia

Back 11

when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life

Front 12

Minamata Disease

Back 12

mental impairments caused by mercury

Front 13

Primary air pollutants

Back 13

produced by humans & nature (CO,CO2,SO2,NO,hydrocarbons, particulates)

Front 14

Negative feedback

Back 14

when a changing in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (EX: warmer earth - more ocean evaporation - more stratus clouds - less sunlight reaches the ground - therefore cooler Earth)

Front 15

Particulate matter (source,effect,reduction)

Back 15

burning fossil fuels & car exhaust) (reduces visibility & respiratory irritation) (filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)

Front 16

Nitrogen Oxides

Back 16

(Source: auto exhaust) (Effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog & ozone) ( Equation for acid formation: 2NO + 2O2 → 2NO3 + H2O → 2HNO3(Reduction: catalytic converter)

Front 17

Sulfur oxides

Back 17

(Source: coal burning) (Effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (Equation for acid formation: SO2 + O2 →SO3 + H2O → H2SO4) (Reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)

Front 18

Carbon oxides

Back 18

Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O, CO2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emission testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit)

Front 19

Ozone

Back 19

Formation: secondary pollutant, NO2+UV→NO+O O+O2→O3, with VOC’s) (Effects: respiratory irritant, plant damage) (Reduction: reduce NO emissions & VOCs)

Front 20

Radon

Back 20

radioactive gas, formed from the decay of Uranium, causes lung cancer and is a problem in the Reading Prong