Ap Eng Lit Terms Ashley Kim

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Abstraction

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a conceptual process by which higher more abstract concepts are derived from the usage and classification of literal concepts.

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aesthetic

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relating to the philosophy or theories of beauty.

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allegory

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a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself.

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Alliteration

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repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. writers use alliteration for emphasis and to give their writing a musical quality.

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Allusion

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reference to a famous person, place, event, or work of literature

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ambiguity

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referring to any wording, action, or symbol that can be read in divergent ways

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analogy

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point-by-point comparison between two dissimilar things in order to clarify the less familiar of the two

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anaphora

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the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect

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Anastrophe

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flipping order of words or events as a rhetorical scheme. (emphasis)

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Anecdote

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brief account of an interesting incident or event that is usually intended to entertain or to make a point

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antecedent

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the word, phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun

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antithesis

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using opposite phrases in close conjunction

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appeals: a.) Ethos

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also known as credibility, means convincing by the character of the author

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appeals: b.) pathos

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the emotional or motivational appeals, vivid language, emotional language and numerous sensory details.

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appeals: c.) logos

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the logic used to support a claim(induction and deduction); can also be the facts and statistics used to help support the argument.

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aphorism

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a short statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.

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apostrophe

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act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present

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appositive

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a noun or noun substitute placed next to (in apposition to) another noun to be described or defined by the appositive

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assonance

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repeating identical or similar vowel(especially in stressed syllables) in nearby words

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asyndeton

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the artistic elimination of conjunctions in a sentence to create a particular effect

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atmosphere

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the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described

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audience

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the person(s) reading a text, listening to a speaker, or observing a performance

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cacophony

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the term in poetry refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds.

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chiasmus

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a literary scheme in which the author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order

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clause

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a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb

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climax

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arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of ascending power

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colloquialism

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a word of phrase used everyday in plain and relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing

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concession

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an admission in an argument that the opposing side has points; to grant, allow or yield to a point; acknowledge the validity of opponents point

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concrete

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words describe things that exist and can be experienced through the senses

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connotation

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the interpretive level of a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning

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deductive reasoning

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the process of logic in which a thinker takes a rule for a large, general category and assumes that specific individual examples fitting within that general category obey the same rule

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denotation

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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word

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detail

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extended treatment of particulars

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dialect

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the language of a particular district, class, or group of persons.

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diction

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the choice of particular word as opposed to others

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didactic

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primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral principles or ethic principles.

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dramatic monologue

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a poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length

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elegiac

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the classical verse form of alternating hexameters and pentameters in which elegies were written

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ellipsis

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indicated by a series of three periods, the ellipsis indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text. it can obscure the real meaning of the piece of writing. (type that leaves out given, partial evidence)

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enthymeme

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an informally stated syllogism which omits either one of the premises or the conclusion. The omitted part must be clearly understood by the reader

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epigraph

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the use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints its at its theme (helps set the mood)

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epistrophe

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repetition of a concluding word of word endings

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euphemism

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a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable

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euphony

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attempting to group of words together harmoniously, so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken

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extended metaphor

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a sustained comparison, often referred to as a conceit; a metaphor developed at great length. occurring frequently in or throughout a work

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figurative language

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a deviation from what speakers of a language understand is the ordinary or standard use of words in order to achieve some special meaning or effect

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figure of speech

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use of words that emphasis or diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words

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generalization

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a word picks up broader meaning instead of becoming specialized, focused, and narrower in meaning

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generic conventions

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refers to traditions for each genre

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genre

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a type or category of literature of film marked by certain shared features of conventions

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homily

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a short, exhortatory work to be read before a group of instruct them spiritually or morally

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hyperbole

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extreme exaggeration

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hypotactic sentence

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using subordination to show the relationship between clauses or phrases. using many subordinate clauses to a main poem

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idiolect

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the language or speech pattern unique to one individual at a particular period of his or her life

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idiom

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an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurative meaning that is comprehended in regard to a common use of that expression that is separate from the literal

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imagery

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the total effect of related sensory images in a work of literature

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inductive reasoning

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the logical assumption or process of assuming that what is true for a single specimens or examples of the same type

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inference

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a conclusion one can draw from the presented details

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inflection

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a process of word formation in which items are added to the base form of a word to express grammatical meanings

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invective

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a verbally abusive attack

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irony: a.) verbal

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trope in which a speaker makes a statement in which its actual meaning differs.

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irony: b.) situational

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trope in which accidental events occur that seem oddly appropriate, such as the poetic justice of a pickpocket getting his own pocket picked

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irony: c.) dramatic

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involves a situation in a narrative in which the reader knows something about present or future circumstances that the character does not know

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juxtaposition

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the arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.

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logical fallacies

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mistake in reasoning

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loose sentence

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a type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses

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metaphor

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a comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking

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metonymy

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a figure of speech in which a representative term is used for a larger idea

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mood

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a feeling, emotional state, or disposition of mind--especially the predominating atmosphere or tone of a literary work

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motif

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a conspicuous recurring element or variations of an image or idea in a work used to develop theme or characters

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narrative

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the act of telling a sequence of events, often in chronological order

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onomatopoeia

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words that sound like the sound they represent

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oxymoron

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image of contradictory term

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pacing

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the speed of which a poem/literature is read (the way it flows)

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paradox

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a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or apposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth validity

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parallelism

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when the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length

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paratactic sentence

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clauses that are all on the same rhetorical level. multiple main clauses

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parenthetical expression

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expressions that are not really a part of the main idea of the sentence, or interrupt the main sentence

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parody

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a text that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule

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pedantic

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a term used to describe writing that boarders on lecturing (scholarly)

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periodic sentence

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a sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements. it add emphases.

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periodic sentence

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a sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements. It adds emphasis

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persona

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an external representation of oneself which might or might not accurately reflect one's inner self, or an external representation of oneself that might be largely accurate, but involves exaggeration

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personification

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the assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts

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point of view

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the method of narration in a literary work

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portmanteau

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a new word by joining others and combining their meanings

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polysyndeton

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the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses

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predicate adjective

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one type of subject complement, and adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb

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predicate nominative

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another type of subject complement, a noun, group of nouns, or noun clauses that renames the subject

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prose

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any material that is not written in a regular meter like poetry. ordinary writing as distinguished from verse.

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pun

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a play on two words similar in sound but different in meaning

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repetition

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the duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical phrase

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rhetoric

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the art of persuasive argument through writing or speech--the art of eloquence and charismatic language

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rhetorical modes

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describes the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing

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rhetorical question

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one that does not expect an explicit answer

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rhetorical situation

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occurs when a rhetor, an audience, a medium (such as a text or speech) and a context converge to create a rhetorical act, such as writing or speaking

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sarcasm

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the act of ostensibly saying one thing but meaning another

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satire

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a text or performance that uses irony, devision of wit to expose or attack human rice, foolishness, or stupidity

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schemes

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a term in classical rhetoric for any one of the figures of speech. a derivation from conventional word order

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semantics

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the field of linguistics concerned with the study of meaning in language

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sentences

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there are 4 types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative)

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shift

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a general term in linguistics for any slight altercation in a word's meaning, or the creation of an entirely new word by changing the use of an expression

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simile

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an indirect comparison that uses the words like or as to link the differing items in the comparison

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stream of consciousness

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writing in which a character's perceptions, thoughts and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regards for logical sentence, chronology, or syntax

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style

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the unique way an author presents his ideas

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subject complement

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the word of clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either renaming it or describing it

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subordinate clause

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contains a subject and a verb (like all clauses) but cannot stand alone does not express complete thought

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syllogism

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the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

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symbol/symbolism

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something in a literary work that stands for something else

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synecdoche

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a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or the whole for a part.

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synesthesia

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a rhetorical trope involving shifts in imagery. it involves taking one type of sensory input and combining it with another separate sense in an impossible way.

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syntax

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the grammatical structure(sentence) of prose and poetry

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theme

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the underlying ideas the author illustrates through characterization, motifs, language, plot, etc

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thesis

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the main idea of a piece of writing, presents author's claim

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tone

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the authors attitude toward his subject

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transition

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a word of phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence

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tropes

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1. rhetorical device or figure of speech involving shifts in the meaning of words
2. a short dialogue inserted into the church mass

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understatement

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it is a deliberate minimizing done to provide emphasis or humor

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vernacular

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the everyday or common language of a geographical area or the native language of commoners in a country as opposed to a prestigious dead language, maintained artificially in schools or in literary text

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voice

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total "sound" of a writer's style

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wit

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intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights

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zeugma

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use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one