• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/102

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

102 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Function of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Maintain homeostasis in conjunction with the nervous system
Function of ENDOCRINE GLAND
a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
Hormone
powerful biochemical secreted by the endocrine glands that regulate metabolism
(4) General characteristics of hormone
potent, maintain homeostasis, regulated by negative feedback mechanism and produce long-lasting effects in the cells they target
EXOCRINE GLAND
exocrine gland secretes substances into ducts which the leave the body; example: sweat glands
Organs of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
hypothalamus, thymus, pituitary, adrenals, pineal gland, pancreas, thyroid, testes, parathyroid, ovaries
Two major types of Hormones
Steroid and non-steroid
Steroid hormone
produced from cholesterol -fat soluble; passes easily through the target cell membrane

Non-steroid

water soluble, which are usually amino acid based; requires a receptor on the target cell membrane to allow the hormone to enter the target cell
Actions of Hormones: Up-regulation
increase in receptors due to decrease in hormones
Actions of Hormone: Down-regulation
decrease in receptors due to increase in hormones.
Hormones alter ___ ___ in a ____ ____
Hormone alters metabolic activity in a target cell
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
1. Enter cell by diffusion directly through cell membrane, 2. Bind to protein receptor, 3. Newly formed hormone-receptor complex alters GENE EXPRESSION, 4. New proteins carry out function signaled by hormone: DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION
Non-steroid hormones
1. Includes amines, peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins, 2. Hormone binds outside of cell and acts as first messenger, 3. Result is either increase or decrease in some second messenger, 4. SECOND MESSENGER activates protein cascade, leading to cellular changes, 5. Commonly G-protein regulated using cyclic AMP as the second messenger: SECOND MESSENGER ACTIVATION
“Localized” Hormones: Prostaglandins
1. Paracrine; secretion affects surrounding tissue 2. Autocrine; only affects itself
Prostaglandins
locally acting signals, potent and needed in small amounts, not stored; produced just prior to release; rapidly inactivated, variety of effects, sometimes alter other hormone
Control sources of hormonal secretions
hormonal control by tropic hormones of hypothalamus, nervous control by autonomic nervous system, hormonal control by regulating blood levels
Hypothalamus secretes “_____ ____” that target the ___ ___ gland
release hormone, anterior pituitary
PITUITARY GLAND: location
at the base of the brain, attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk called the infundibulum
Two major parts of the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: located, secretes __ different hormone
hangs from the base of the brain and sits in sella turcica, 6
What are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
GH (growth hormone), PRL (prolactin), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone)
Function and target tissue of GROWTH HORMONE
controls growth of the body; targets bone, muscle and adipose tissue
Function and target tissue of PROLACTIN
stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands; targets the mammary glands
Function and target tissue of THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
controls secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland; targets thyroid gland
Function and target tissue of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
controls the secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex; targets the outer portion of the adrenal gland (cortex)
Function and target tissue of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
response depends upon sex; females: stimulates maturation of and ovarian follicle and ovum, males: stimulated the maturation of sperm in the testes; a gonadotropin, which targets primary sex organs (ovary & testis)
Function and target tissue of LUTEINIZING HORMONE
response depends upon sex; females: causes ovulation, males: causes secretion of testosterone; a gonadotropin, which targets ovaries and testes
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: located. Secretes __ hormones
behind the anterior pituitary gland, 2

True or false: The POSTERIOR pituitary gland does NOT actually produce hormones (they are produced by the hypothalamus), but stores them until it is stimulated to release them

True
What are the 2 hormones stored by the posterior pituitary gland
ADH (antidiuretic hormone), OT (oxytocin)
Function and target tissue of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
targets distal convoluted tubules (of kidney); causes distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream, and therefore controls water balance and (increase) blood pressure; also called vasopressin
Function and target tissue of OXYTOCIN
targets uterine smooth muscle and breasts; causes uterine muscle contraction and milk release from suckled nipples
THROID GLAND: location, structure, secretes __ hormones
located below larynx and around trachea; composed of follicles involved in iodine uptake in order to produce T4 and T3; 3
The thyroid gland is composed of ____ involved in __ uptake in order to produce __ and __
follicle; iodine; T3, T4
What are the 3 hormones secreted by the thyroid
T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), Calcitonin

T3 & T4: function

increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular oxygen use to produce ATP, regulate metabolism
True or False: T4 is more potent than T3
False; T3 is the more potent form, however 90% of circulating hormone is T4
CALCITONIN; release is triggered by an ____ in blood calcium levels
increase
CALCITONIN
targets bone cells (stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity) & distal convoluted tubules (causes secretion of excess calcium into urine). Therefore, causes a decrease in blood calcium (and phosphate) levels back to normal.
PARATHYROID GLAND: structure and location
consist of 4 small glands; located within the thyroid gland, usually on the posterior surface
Hormone of the parathyroid gland
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
PARATHYROID HORMONE is released by the stimulation of ___ blood calcium levels
decreased
PARATHYROID HORMONE
targets bone cells (activates osteoclasts to resorb bone), proximal convoluted tubules ( causes proximal convoluted tubules to reabsorb calcium back into bloodstream), and activates Vitamin D to calcitriol which affects the small intestine (promotes calcium absorption). Therefore PTH cause and increase in blood calcium ( and phosphate) and brings level back to normal.
__ and calcitonin together maintain the homeostasis of ___ in the blood
PTH; calcium
PTH and ___ together maintain the homeostasis of ____
calcitonin, blood calcium
ADRENAL GLAND: located. Divided into an outer __ ___ and an inner ___ __
located atop the kidneys and are retroperitoneal; adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
ADRENAL MEDULLA: located; produces _ catecholamine hormones, which function in the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system
located in the central portion of the adrenal glands; 2; sympathetic
Hormones of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
The hormones of the adrenal medulla: ___ and ___: target and function
epinephrine, norepinephrine; the heart (SA Node to increase heart rate), smooth muscle: peripheral arterioles (vasoconstriction, which increase blood pressure), terminal bronchioles (bronchodilation, which increase depth of breathing), the diaphragm (increased breathing rate)
ADRENAL CORTEX: located; produces many ___ hormones when stimulated by ___
located in the outer portion of the adrenal glands; steroids; ACTH
ADRENAL CORTEX; divided into _ regions
3
What are the regions of the ADRENAL CORTEX; location of each
zona glomerulsa- outermost layer; zona fasciculata- middle layer; zona reticularis- innermost region
The outermost layer of the ADRENAL CORTEX is called; release what hormone
zona glomerulsa; ALDOSTERONE
ALDOSTERONE; target and function
targets distal convoluted tubules (in the kidney), causing reabsorption of water and electrolytes back into the blood (increase blood pressure)
The middle layer of the ADRENAL CORTEX is called; release what hormone-
zona fasciculata; CORTISOL
CORTISOL; target and function
targets all cell, where it regulates glucose metabolism (along with T3 and T4)

The innermost region of the ADRENAL CORTEX is called; release what hormone(s)

zona reticularis; release supplemental sex hormone (ANDROGENS and ESTROGENS) that targets secondary sex organs. Female androgens are responsible for sex drive, hair growth in the axillary and inguinal region at puberty and maintenance of all secondary sex organs following menopause
PANCREAS; structure
located behind the stomach on the left side of abdomen
True or False: Pancreas function as a mixed gland
True
What is the Endocrine portion of the Pancreas
Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans)
What are the hormones of the pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)
glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
GLUCAGON is produce by ___ cells in the Islets of Langerhans
Alpha
GLUCAGON secretion is stimulated by __ blood glucose levels; give example
decreased; fasting
Function of GLUCAGON
increases blood glucose levels (i.e. causes breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into bloodstream)
INSULIN is produce by ___ cells in the Islets of Langerhans
Beta
INSULIN secretion is stimulated by ___ blood glucose levels; give example
increased; after eating
Function of INSULIN
decrease blood glucose levels (i.e. moves glucose from bloodstream into cells and promotes glycogen formation in liver and skeletal muscle)
SOMATOSTATIN is produced by ___ cells of Islets of Langerhans
Delta

Function of SOMATOSTATIN

helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin

Other endocrine gland: PINEAL GLAND; location; secretes a hormone called ____

attached to the thalamus of the brain stem; melatonin
MELATONIN; production is stimulated by ____ (___ ___)
daylight, circadian rhythm; affects moods, emotions, etc
Other endocrine gland: THYMUS GLAND; location; secretes a hormone called ____
located in the mediastinum region behind sternum; thymosin
True or False: Thymus gland stays the same size as we age
False; thymus gland decreases in size as we age
____ affects the maturation o lymphocytes (T-cells)
THYMOSIN
___ ___ plays an important role in lymphatic system and immunity
THYMUS GLAND

other endocrine gland: OVARIES: an ovarian follicle (and ovum) start to mature each month following puberty under the influence of ___(what hormone)_____; the developing follicle secretes ____. (Describe); __what hormone___ causes the mature follicle to rupture, release the ovum (ovulation). The follicle then become the corpus luteum, which secretes ____. (Describe)

FSH; ESTROGEN; develops female secondary sexual characteristics (at puberty) and maintains them throughout life; targets mammary glands ( development) within breasts ( enlargement), genitalia ( growth and enlargement) , adipose tissue in hips, thighs, and buttocks ( growth); LH; PROGESTERONE; prepares the uterine lining for implantation of the zygote.

other endocrine gland: TESTES; __What hormone__ targets the testes and causes the production of sperm; __what hormone__ targets the testes and cause the production of ____. (Describe)

FSH; LH; TESTOSTERONE; develops male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and maintains them throughout life; targets hair follicles in facial, pectoral, axillary, inguinal regions ( hair growth), genitalia (enlargement), muscle and bone ( growth and strengthening), vocal cords in larynx ( thicken resulting in deeper voice)

Where is the thymus located
in the mediastinum
Most metabolic processes are regulated by the _____ system
ENDOCRINE
The ____ lies posterior tot the stomach and is attached to the small intestine
pancreas
Which endocrine organ also acts as an exocrine organ
Pancreas
Chemical, in the broadest sense, hormones are classified as ___ hormones and ____ hormones (which include amines, peptides, proteins or glycoproteins)
steroid, nonsteroid
Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the ___ gland
parathyroid
A diuretic functions to
increase urine production
The substances secreted by endocrine glands are called
hormones
Parathyroid glands Aare small glands located on the ___ surface of the thyroid gland
posterior
Which endocrine gland is located in the floor of the third ventricle
hypothalamus
The endocrine system and the ___ system work together to control body functions and homeostasis
nervous
When receptors sense an increase in the concentration of a hormone, signals are sent to decrease the production of that hormone. This is called a ___ feedback mechanism
negative
A cell acted upon by a nerve fiber, hormone, or other chemical messenger is called a (n) ___ cell
target
The pancreases is located retroperitoneal and ____ to the stomach
posterior
Name the endocrine gland housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
pituitary
Effects of growth hormone
stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, stimulates cells to enlarge
Nervous and endocrine system communication methods
cells of the nervous system communicate using chemical signals, cells of the endocrine system communicate using chemical signals, cells of the nervous system communicate predominantly via electrical signals
A cell’s hormonal sensitivity is determined by
the presence and number of appropriate receptors
Calcitonin
lowers blood calcium
PTH
raise blood calcium levels
___ gland contain tubes or ducts connected to body surface. ___ glands are ductless and release their secretions into the blood stream.
Exocrine, endocrine
Athletes who abuse steroids are risking ___ and ___ damage
heart, liver
A target cell is best describe as a cell
possessing a hormone receptor
How hormone exert their effects

alter the metabolic activities of tissues, alter the rate of transport of chemical across the cell membrane, may change the activity of an enzyme