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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Function of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
Maintain homeostasis in conjunction with the nervous system
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Function of ENDOCRINE GLAND
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a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
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Hormone
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powerful biochemical secreted by the endocrine glands that regulate metabolism
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(4) General characteristics of hormone
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potent, maintain homeostasis, regulated by negative feedback mechanism and produce long-lasting effects in the cells they target
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EXOCRINE GLAND
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exocrine gland secretes substances into ducts which the leave the body; example: sweat glands
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Organs of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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hypothalamus, thymus, pituitary, adrenals, pineal gland, pancreas, thyroid, testes, parathyroid, ovaries
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Two major types of Hormones
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Steroid and non-steroid
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Steroid hormone
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produced from cholesterol -fat soluble; passes easily through the target cell membrane
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Non-steroid |
water soluble, which are usually amino acid based; requires a receptor on the target cell membrane to allow the hormone to enter the target cell
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Actions of Hormones: Up-regulation
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increase in receptors due to decrease in hormones
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Actions of Hormone: Down-regulation
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decrease in receptors due to increase in hormones.
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Hormones alter ___ ___ in a ____ ____
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Hormone alters metabolic activity in a target cell
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Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
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1. Enter cell by diffusion directly through cell membrane, 2. Bind to protein receptor, 3. Newly formed hormone-receptor complex alters GENE EXPRESSION, 4. New proteins carry out function signaled by hormone: DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION
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Non-steroid hormones
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1. Includes amines, peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins, 2. Hormone binds outside of cell and acts as first messenger, 3. Result is either increase or decrease in some second messenger, 4. SECOND MESSENGER activates protein cascade, leading to cellular changes, 5. Commonly G-protein regulated using cyclic AMP as the second messenger: SECOND MESSENGER ACTIVATION
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“Localized” Hormones: Prostaglandins
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1. Paracrine; secretion affects surrounding tissue 2. Autocrine; only affects itself
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Prostaglandins
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locally acting signals, potent and needed in small amounts, not stored; produced just prior to release; rapidly inactivated, variety of effects, sometimes alter other hormone
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Control sources of hormonal secretions
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hormonal control by tropic hormones of hypothalamus, nervous control by autonomic nervous system, hormonal control by regulating blood levels
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Hypothalamus secretes “_____ ____” that target the ___ ___ gland
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release hormone, anterior pituitary
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PITUITARY GLAND: location
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at the base of the brain, attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk called the infundibulum
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Two major parts of the pituitary gland
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anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: located, secretes __ different hormone
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hangs from the base of the brain and sits in sella turcica, 6
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What are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
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GH (growth hormone), PRL (prolactin), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone)
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Function and target tissue of GROWTH HORMONE
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controls growth of the body; targets bone, muscle and adipose tissue
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Function and target tissue of PROLACTIN
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stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands; targets the mammary glands
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Function and target tissue of THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
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controls secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland; targets thyroid gland
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Function and target tissue of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
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controls the secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex; targets the outer portion of the adrenal gland (cortex)
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Function and target tissue of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
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response depends upon sex; females: stimulates maturation of and ovarian follicle and ovum, males: stimulated the maturation of sperm in the testes; a gonadotropin, which targets primary sex organs (ovary & testis)
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Function and target tissue of LUTEINIZING HORMONE
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response depends upon sex; females: causes ovulation, males: causes secretion of testosterone; a gonadotropin, which targets ovaries and testes
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POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: located. Secretes __ hormones
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behind the anterior pituitary gland, 2
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True or false: The POSTERIOR pituitary gland does NOT actually produce hormones (they are produced by the hypothalamus), but stores them until it is stimulated to release them |
True
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What are the 2 hormones stored by the posterior pituitary gland
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone), OT (oxytocin)
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Function and target tissue of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
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targets distal convoluted tubules (of kidney); causes distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream, and therefore controls water balance and (increase) blood pressure; also called vasopressin
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Function and target tissue of OXYTOCIN
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targets uterine smooth muscle and breasts; causes uterine muscle contraction and milk release from suckled nipples
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THROID GLAND: location, structure, secretes __ hormones
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located below larynx and around trachea; composed of follicles involved in iodine uptake in order to produce T4 and T3; 3
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The thyroid gland is composed of ____ involved in __ uptake in order to produce __ and __
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follicle; iodine; T3, T4
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What are the 3 hormones secreted by the thyroid
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T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), Calcitonin
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T3 & T4: function |
increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular oxygen use to produce ATP, regulate metabolism
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True or False: T4 is more potent than T3
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False; T3 is the more potent form, however 90% of circulating hormone is T4
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CALCITONIN; release is triggered by an ____ in blood calcium levels
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increase
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CALCITONIN
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targets bone cells (stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity) & distal convoluted tubules (causes secretion of excess calcium into urine). Therefore, causes a decrease in blood calcium (and phosphate) levels back to normal.
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PARATHYROID GLAND: structure and location
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consist of 4 small glands; located within the thyroid gland, usually on the posterior surface
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Hormone of the parathyroid gland
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PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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PARATHYROID HORMONE is released by the stimulation of ___ blood calcium levels
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decreased
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PARATHYROID HORMONE
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targets bone cells (activates osteoclasts to resorb bone), proximal convoluted tubules ( causes proximal convoluted tubules to reabsorb calcium back into bloodstream), and activates Vitamin D to calcitriol which affects the small intestine (promotes calcium absorption). Therefore PTH cause and increase in blood calcium ( and phosphate) and brings level back to normal.
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__ and calcitonin together maintain the homeostasis of ___ in the blood
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PTH; calcium
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PTH and ___ together maintain the homeostasis of ____
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calcitonin, blood calcium
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ADRENAL GLAND: located. Divided into an outer __ ___ and an inner ___ __
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located atop the kidneys and are retroperitoneal; adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
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ADRENAL MEDULLA: located; produces _ catecholamine hormones, which function in the ____ division of the autonomic nervous system
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located in the central portion of the adrenal glands; 2; sympathetic
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Hormones of the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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The hormones of the adrenal medulla: ___ and ___: target and function
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epinephrine, norepinephrine; the heart (SA Node to increase heart rate), smooth muscle: peripheral arterioles (vasoconstriction, which increase blood pressure), terminal bronchioles (bronchodilation, which increase depth of breathing), the diaphragm (increased breathing rate)
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ADRENAL CORTEX: located; produces many ___ hormones when stimulated by ___
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located in the outer portion of the adrenal glands; steroids; ACTH
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ADRENAL CORTEX; divided into _ regions
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3
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What are the regions of the ADRENAL CORTEX; location of each
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zona glomerulsa- outermost layer; zona fasciculata- middle layer; zona reticularis- innermost region
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The outermost layer of the ADRENAL CORTEX is called; release what hormone
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zona glomerulsa; ALDOSTERONE
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ALDOSTERONE; target and function
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targets distal convoluted tubules (in the kidney), causing reabsorption of water and electrolytes back into the blood (increase blood pressure)
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The middle layer of the ADRENAL CORTEX is called; release what hormone-
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zona fasciculata; CORTISOL
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CORTISOL; target and function
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targets all cell, where it regulates glucose metabolism (along with T3 and T4)
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The innermost region of the ADRENAL CORTEX is called; release what hormone(s) |
zona reticularis; release supplemental sex hormone (ANDROGENS and ESTROGENS) that targets secondary sex organs. Female androgens are responsible for sex drive, hair growth in the axillary and inguinal region at puberty and maintenance of all secondary sex organs following menopause
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PANCREAS; structure
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located behind the stomach on the left side of abdomen
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True or False: Pancreas function as a mixed gland
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True
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What is the Endocrine portion of the Pancreas
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Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans)
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What are the hormones of the pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)
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glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
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GLUCAGON is produce by ___ cells in the Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha
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GLUCAGON secretion is stimulated by __ blood glucose levels; give example
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decreased; fasting
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Function of GLUCAGON
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increases blood glucose levels (i.e. causes breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into bloodstream)
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INSULIN is produce by ___ cells in the Islets of Langerhans
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Beta
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INSULIN secretion is stimulated by ___ blood glucose levels; give example
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increased; after eating
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Function of INSULIN
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decrease blood glucose levels (i.e. moves glucose from bloodstream into cells and promotes glycogen formation in liver and skeletal muscle)
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SOMATOSTATIN is produced by ___ cells of Islets of Langerhans
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Delta
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Function of SOMATOSTATIN |
helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin
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Other endocrine gland: PINEAL GLAND; location; secretes a hormone called ____ |
attached to the thalamus of the brain stem; melatonin
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MELATONIN; production is stimulated by ____ (___ ___)
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daylight, circadian rhythm; affects moods, emotions, etc
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Other endocrine gland: THYMUS GLAND; location; secretes a hormone called ____
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located in the mediastinum region behind sternum; thymosin
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True or False: Thymus gland stays the same size as we age
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False; thymus gland decreases in size as we age
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____ affects the maturation o lymphocytes (T-cells)
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THYMOSIN
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___ ___ plays an important role in lymphatic system and immunity
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THYMUS GLAND
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other endocrine gland: OVARIES: an ovarian follicle (and ovum) start to mature each month following puberty under the influence of ___(what hormone)_____; the developing follicle secretes ____. (Describe); __what hormone___ causes the mature follicle to rupture, release the ovum (ovulation). The follicle then become the corpus luteum, which secretes ____. (Describe) |
FSH; ESTROGEN; develops female secondary sexual characteristics (at puberty) and maintains them throughout life; targets mammary glands ( development) within breasts ( enlargement), genitalia ( growth and enlargement) , adipose tissue in hips, thighs, and buttocks ( growth); LH; PROGESTERONE; prepares the uterine lining for implantation of the zygote.
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other endocrine gland: TESTES; __What hormone__ targets the testes and causes the production of sperm; __what hormone__ targets the testes and cause the production of ____. (Describe) |
FSH; LH; TESTOSTERONE; develops male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and maintains them throughout life; targets hair follicles in facial, pectoral, axillary, inguinal regions ( hair growth), genitalia (enlargement), muscle and bone ( growth and strengthening), vocal cords in larynx ( thicken resulting in deeper voice) |
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Where is the thymus located
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in the mediastinum
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Most metabolic processes are regulated by the _____ system
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ENDOCRINE
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The ____ lies posterior tot the stomach and is attached to the small intestine
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pancreas
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Which endocrine organ also acts as an exocrine organ
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Pancreas
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Chemical, in the broadest sense, hormones are classified as ___ hormones and ____ hormones (which include amines, peptides, proteins or glycoproteins)
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steroid, nonsteroid
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Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the ___ gland
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parathyroid
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A diuretic functions to
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increase urine production
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The substances secreted by endocrine glands are called
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hormones
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Parathyroid glands Aare small glands located on the ___ surface of the thyroid gland
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posterior
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Which endocrine gland is located in the floor of the third ventricle
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hypothalamus
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The endocrine system and the ___ system work together to control body functions and homeostasis
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nervous
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When receptors sense an increase in the concentration of a hormone, signals are sent to decrease the production of that hormone. This is called a ___ feedback mechanism
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negative
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A cell acted upon by a nerve fiber, hormone, or other chemical messenger is called a (n) ___ cell
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target
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The pancreases is located retroperitoneal and ____ to the stomach
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posterior
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Name the endocrine gland housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
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pituitary
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Effects of growth hormone
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stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, stimulates cells to enlarge
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Nervous and endocrine system communication methods
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cells of the nervous system communicate using chemical signals, cells of the endocrine system communicate using chemical signals, cells of the nervous system communicate predominantly via electrical signals
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A cell’s hormonal sensitivity is determined by
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the presence and number of appropriate receptors
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Calcitonin
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lowers blood calcium
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PTH
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raise blood calcium levels
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___ gland contain tubes or ducts connected to body surface. ___ glands are ductless and release their secretions into the blood stream.
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Exocrine, endocrine
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Athletes who abuse steroids are risking ___ and ___ damage
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heart, liver
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A target cell is best describe as a cell
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possessing a hormone receptor
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How hormone exert their effects
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alter the metabolic activities of tissues, alter the rate of transport of chemical across the cell membrane, may change the activity of an enzyme |