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83 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
society
Complex human organization, a collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations should be conducted.
ethnic identity
Specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others.
nation
A group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations, the most important of which is self-government.
national identity
A sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations.
nationalism
Pride in one's people and the belief that they have a unique political destiny.
citizenship
An individual's relationship to the state, wherein citizens swear allegiance to that state and the state in return is obligated to provide rights to those citizens.
patriotism
Pride in one's state.
nation-state
A state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent.
ethnic conflict
A conflict in which different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense.
national conflict
Complex human organization, a collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations should be conducted.
political attitude
Description of one's views regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place in a given society.
radicals
Those with a political attitude that favors dramatic, often revolutionary change.
conservatives
Those with a political attitude that is skeptical of change and supports the current order.
reactionary
Someone who seeks to restore the institutions of a real or imagined earlier order.
political ideology
The basic values held by an individual about the fundamental goals of politics or the ideal balance of freedom and equality.
liberalism
(1) A political attitude that favors evolutionary transformation. (2) An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom.
liberal democracy
A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.
communism
(1) A political-economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and, ultimately, the need for political institutions such as the state. (2) A political ideology that advocates such a system.
social democracy
(1) A political-economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through the state's management of the economy and the provision of social expenditures. (2) A political ideology that advocates such a system.
socialism
(1) A political-economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through the state's management of the economy and the provision of social expenditures. (2) A political ideology that advocates such a system.
fascism
A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state.
anarchism
A political ideology that stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all.
fundamentalism
A view of religion as absolute and inerrant that should be legally enforced by making faith the sovereign authority.
culture
Basic institutions that define a society.
political culture
The basic norms for political activity in a society.
political economy
The study of the interaction between states and markets.
market
The interactions between the forces of supply and demand that allocate resources.
property
Goods or services that are owned by an individual or group, privately or publicly.
public good
Goods, provided or secured by the state, available to society and which no private person or organization can own.
social expenditure
State provision of public benefits, such as education, health care, and transportation.
central bank
The state institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy, as well as how much it costs to borrow money in that economy.
inflation
An outstripping of supply by demand, resulting in an increase in the general price level of goods and services and the resulting loss of value in a country's currency.
hyperinflation
Inflation of more than 50 percent a month for more than two months in a row.
deflation
A period of falling prices and values for goods, services, investments, and wages.
regulation
A rule or order that sets the boundaries of a given procedure.
monopoly
A single producer that is able to dominate the market for a good or service without effective competition.
tariff
A tax on imported goods.
quota
A nontariff barrier that limits the quantity of a good that may be imported into a country.
nontariff regulatory barriers
Policies and regulations used to limit imports through methods other than taxation.
comparative advantage
The ability of one country to produce a particular good or service more efficiently relative to other countries' efficiency in producing the same good or service.
political-economic system
The relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country and the policies and outcomes they create.
laissez-faire
The principle that the economy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes; a liberal system of minimal state interference in the economy.
capitalism
A system of production based on private property and free markets.
neocorporatism
A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy.
mercantilism
A political-economic system in which national economic power is paramount and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the needs of the state.
parastatals
Industries partially or fully owned by the state.
gross domestic product (GDP)
The total market value of all goods and services produced by a country over a period of one year.
purchasing-power parity (PPP)
A statistical tool that attempts to estimate the buying power of income across different countries by using prices in the United States as a benchmark.
Gini index
A statistical formula that measures the amount of inequality in a society; its scale ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 corresponds to perfect equality and 100 to perfect inequality.
human development index (HDI)
A statistical tool that attempts to evaluate the overall wealth, health, and knowledge of a country's people.
economic liberalization
Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.
democracy
A political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people.
liberal democracy
A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.
separation of powers
The clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches.
republicanism
Indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials.
civil society
Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests.
executive
The branch of government that carries out the laws and policies of a state.
head of state
The executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally.
head of government
The executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy.
legislature
The branch of government charged with making laws.
bicameral system
A political system in which the legislature comprises two houses.
unicameral system
A political system in which the legislature comprises one house.
constitutional court
The highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution.
judicial review
The mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution.
concrete review
Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it.
abstract review
Judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on questions that do not arise from actual legal disputes.
parliamentary system
A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices.
vote of no confidence
Vote taken by a legislature as to whether its members continue to support the current prime minister. Depending on the country, a vote of no confidence can force the resignation of the prime minister and/or lead to new parliamentary elections.
presidential system
A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office.
semipresidential system
A political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are separated into two offices.
electoral system
A set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature.
suffrage
The right to vote.
constituency
A geographical area that an elected official represents.
single-member district (SMD)
An electoral district with one seat.
proportional representation (PR)
An electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote.
first past the post
An electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single-member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat.
multimember district (MMD)
An electoral district with more than one seat.
mixed electoral system
An electoral system that uses a combination of single-member districts and proportional representation.
referendum
A national vote called by a government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution.
initiative
A national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal.
civil rights
Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime.
civil liberties
Individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime.
rule of law
A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power or authority.