Ap Comparative 1 - Democracy And Woods

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a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for the country

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government

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basically all about power. Who has the power to make decisions? How did they get power? What challenges do leaders face from others in keeping the power?

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politics

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information based on factual statements and statistics

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empirical data

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a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors

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hypothesis

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two or more factors mentioned in a hypothesis

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variables

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the idea that one variable causes or influences another

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causation

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a variable that influences another

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independent variable

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the variable influenced by another

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dependent variable

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exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other; are an indication that casuality may be present.

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correlation

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the model most frequently used to compare countries up until the early 1990s

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thee-world approach

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nations that did not fit into the categories of the US and its allies or the USSR adn its allies; were all economically underdeveloped and deprived

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"thrid world" countries

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the way that citizens organize and define themselves and their interests; everything between family and the government

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civil society

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takes into consideration not only the way politicians operate outside their formal powers, but also the impact that beliefs, values and actions of ordinary citizens have on policymaking.

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informal politics

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three groups used to compare countries (prior to collapse of teh USSR)

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1. US and its allies
2. USSR and its allies
3. "Third World"

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three groups used to compare countries (modern day)

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1. "Advanced" democracies
2. Communist and post-communist countries
3. Less developed and newly industrializing (or developing) countries

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well established democratic governments and a high level of economiv development

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"Advanced" democracies

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sought to create a system that limits individual freedoms in order to divide wealth more equally.

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Communist and post-communist countries

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divides the "Third World" into two groups:
- countries experiencing rapid economic growth and have shown a tendency toward democratization and political and social stability.
-countries lacking significant economic development and tend to have authoritarian governments

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Less developed and newly indrustrializing (or developing) countries

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world power is territorially organized into these.
they control what happens within their borders.
deals more with the government aspect of a country.

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states

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stable, long lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy

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institutions

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the ability to carry out actions or policies within state borders independently from interference either from insied or outside force.

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sovereignty

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a group of people that is bound together by a common political identity

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nation

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the sense of belonging and identity that distiguishes one nation from another; often translated as patriotism.

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nationalism

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the rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its power are referred to collectively as a _______.

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regime

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term used to refer to a governemnt when a country's institutions and practices carry over across time, even though leaders and particular issues change.

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regime

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two types of a regime

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1. democracies
2. authoritarian systems

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elected officials representing the people

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indirect democracy

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individuals have immediate say over many decisions that the government makes.

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direct democracy

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systems of democracy (2)

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parliamentary and presidential systems

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the legislature makes the laws, controls finances, appointes and dismisses the prime minister and cabinet and debates public issues.
Separation of the executive branch into head os state and head of government.
no separation of power exists between the legislative and executive branches.

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parliamentary system

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a role that symbolizes the power and nature of a regime

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head of state

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a role that deals with the everyday task of running the government

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head of government

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ensures that power is shared and that one branch does not come to dominate the others.

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separation of powers

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System of democracy where...
- the roles of head of state and head of government are given to one person.
- central figure is directly elected by the people and serves as the chief executive within a system of checks and balances.

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Presidential system

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System of democracy where...
- a prime minister coexists with a president who is directly elected by the people and who holds a significant degree of power.

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Semi-presidential system

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those who hold political power and make decisions in an authoritarian regime.

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political elites

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Regime that...
- bases its authority on the will of the people
- typically has the major branches

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Democracies

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regime where...
- a small group of elites exercises power over the state
- citizens have little or no input in the selection of leaders and government deicisons
- no constitutional responsibility of the leaders to the public
- restriction of civil rights and civil liberties

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Authoritarian regime

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a theory developed by karl marx

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communism

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in this regime the ________ party controls everythingfrom teh government to the economy to social life.

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communist

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an arrangement in which government officials interact with people/groups outside the government before the set policies

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state corporatism

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generally have a strong idealogical goal that many authoritarian regimes lack.
use violence as a technique for destroying any obstacles to their governance

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totalitarianism

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the military intervenes directly in politics as the organization that can solve problems of stability and legitimacy.

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Military rule

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military rule usually begins with ____________.

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coup d'etat

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a forced takeover of the government

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coup d'etat

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a method through which business, labor and/or other interest groups bargainwith the state over economic policy.

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corporatism

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a way that authoritarian regimes tried to control the public by creating or recognizing organizations to represent the interests of the public

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state corporatism

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gives the public a limited influence in the policymakingprocess, but the interest groups are funded and managed by the state

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corporatism

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the means a regime uses to get support from citizens

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co-optation

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a system in which the state provides specific benefits or favors to a single person or small group in return for public support.

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patron-clientelism

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unlike corporatism, ________ relies on individual patronage rather than organizations that serve a large group of people.

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clientelism

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a situation in which power is split among many groups that compete for the chance to influences the government's decision-making.

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plualism

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democratic corporatism is also known as...

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neocorporatism

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the right to rule

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legitimacy

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legitimacy is categorized into these three basic forms of authority

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1. traditional authority
2. charismatic authority
3. rational-legal authority

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this form of authority rests upon the belief that tradition should determine who should rule and how

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traditional authority

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most monarchs are based on this form of legitimacy

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traditional legitimacy

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this form of authority is based on the dynamic personality of an individual leader or small group.

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charismatic authority

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charismatic legitimacy is notoriously short-lived because...

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it usually does not survive its founder.

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this form of authority is based on neither tradition nor on the force of a single personality, but rather on a system of well-established laws and procedues.

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rational-legal authority

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this form of authority is anchored by strong institutions that carry over generations of individual leadesr.

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rational-legal authority

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this type of legitimacy is based on the acceptance of the rule of law that supersedes the actions and statements of individual rulers.

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rational-legal authority

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Two rules of law found in a Rational-legal authority

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1. common law
2. code law

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rule of law based on tradition, past practices and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of the statutes, legal legislation and past rulings

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common law

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rule of law based on a comprehensive system of written rules or codes of law divided into commercial, civil and criminal codes.

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code law

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the ________ of leaders is based on fair, competitive elections and open political participation by citizens.

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legitimacy

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factors that encourage legitimacy in both democratic and authoriarian regimes are:

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1. economic well-being
2. historical tradition/longevity
3. charismatic leadership
4. nationalism/shared political culture
5. satisfaction with the government's performace/responsiveness

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regers to the collection of political beliefs, values, practices and institutions that the government is based on

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political culture

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the amount of reciprocity and trust that exists among citizens and between citizens and the state.

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social capital

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Types of political culture (two):

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1. consensual political culture
2. conflictual political culture

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in this type of political culture accepts both the legitimacy of the regime and the solutions to major problems.

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consensual political culture

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in this type of political culture, citizens tend to agree on how decisions are made, what issues should be addressed and how problems should be solved.

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consensual political culture

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in this type of political culture, citizens are sharply divided often on both legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems.

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conflictual political culture

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sets of political values held by individuals regarding the basic goals of government and politics.

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political ideologies

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Examples of political ideologies:

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1. liberalism
2. communism
3. socialism
4. fascism
5. relligions

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Political ideology that places emphasis on individual politicla and economic freesom.

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liberalism

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This political ideology seeks to maximize freedoms for all people and believes that citizens have the right to disagree with state deicision and act to change the decisions of their leaders.

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liberalism

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Political ideology that generally values equality over freedom.

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communism

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This politicla ideology rejects the idea that personal freedom will ensure prosperity for the majority. It holds that an inevitable result of competition for scarce resources is that a small group witll eventually come to control both government and the economy.

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communism

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This politicla ideology advocates the takeover of all resources by the state that in turn will insure that true economic equality exists for the community as a whole.

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communism

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This political ideology shares the value of equality with communism, but is also influenced by the liberal value of freedom.

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socialism

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this political ideology accepts and promotes private ownership and free market principles, but believes that the state has a strong role to play in regulating the economy and providing benefits to the public in order to ensure some measure of equality.

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socialism

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This political ideology is often confused with communism.

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fascism

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This political ideology rejects the value of equality and accepts the idea that people and groups exist in degrees of inferiority and superiority.

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fascism

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This political ideology believes that the state has the right and rresponsibility to mold the society and economy and to eliminate obstacles that might weaken them.

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fascsim

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Types of political and economic change (three):

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1. reform
2. revolution
3. coup d' etats

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A type of political and economic change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions.

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reform

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This type of political and economic change wants to change some methods that politicla and economic leaders use to reach foals that society generally accepts.

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reform

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A type of political and economic change that implies change at a more basic level and involves either a major revision or an overthrow of existing institutions.

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revolution

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A type of political and economic change that usually impacts more than one area of life.

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revolution

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A type of political and economic change that generally represents the most limited of the three types of change.

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coup d'etats

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A type of political and economic change that replaces leadership of a country with new leaders.

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coup d'etats

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Attitudes toward change (four):

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1. radicalism
2. liberalism
3. conservatism
4. reactionary beliefs

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This attitude toward change is a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made in the existing society, often including the political system.

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radicalism

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This attitude toward change supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution.

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liberalism

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Thinkers of this attitude toward change generally do not believe that the political and/or economic systems are broken, but they do believe that they need to be repaired or improved.

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liberalism

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This attitude toward change is much less supportive of change in general than are radicalism and liberalism.

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conservatism

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Thinkers of this attitude toward change tend to see change as disruptive, adn the emphasize the fact that it sometimes brings unforeseen outcomes.

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conservatism

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This attitude toward change goes further to protect against change than do conservative beliefs.

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reactionary beliefs

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This attitude toward change opposes both revolution and reform, but also finds the status quo unacceptable.

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reactionary beliefs

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the revival of ethnic or cultural politics

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fragmentation

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Three development trends:

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1. democratization
2. movements toward market economies
3. revival of ethnic or cultural politics

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the elections offer a real possibility that the incumbent government may be defeated.

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competitive elections

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Characteristics of liberal democracies:

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1. civil liberties
2. rule of law
3. neutrality of the judiciary
4. open civil society
5. civilian control of the military

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countries that have regular, free elections but are missing the characteristics of liberal democracies are referred to as _________ ____________.

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illiberal democracies

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when one country in a region becomes democratic and influences others to do so.

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"snowball" effect

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a period of relative improvement in the standard of living

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"revolution of rising expectations"

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economies with socialist principles of centralized planning and state ownership

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command economies

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an economy that allows no control from the central government

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market economy

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an economy that allows for significant control from the central government

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"mixed economy"

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Factors that have promoted the movement toward market economies are:

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1. the belief that the government is too big.
2. lack of success of command economies.

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the term that describes the state's re-creation of a market in which property, labor, goods and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.

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marketization

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the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership

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privatization

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divisions based on ethnic or sultural identity

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fragmentation

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Social cleavages include:

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1. religion
2. ethnic groups
3. race
4. social and economic classes

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1. religion
2. ethnic groups
3. race
4. social and economic classes

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social cleavages

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Categories to compare citizen/state relationships

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1. attitudes and beliefs of citizens
2. political socialization
3. types of political participation
4. voting behavior
5. factors that influence political beliefs and behaviors

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subject activities examples

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obeying laws, following military orders, paying taxes, etc.

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organized collective activities that aim to bring about ro resist fundamental change in an existing group or society.

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social movements

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refers to organizations outside the government that help people define and advance their own interests.

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civil society

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the tendency in democracies to allow majority rule to neglect the rights and liberties of minorities.

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tyranny of teh majority

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a universal political order that draws its identity and values from everywhere

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cosmopolitanism

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national and international groups, independent of any state, that pursue policy objectives and foster public participation.

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nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

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structures of a political system that carry out the work of governing

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political institutions

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a system of government that concentrates all policymaking powers in one central geographic place

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unitary system

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a system of government that spreads the power among many sub-units (such as states), and has a weak central government.

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confederal system

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a system of government that divides power between teh central government and the sub-units.

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federal system

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an integration of social, environmental, economic and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts.

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globalization

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a tendency for people to base their loyalty on ethnicity, language, religion or cultural identity.

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fragmentation

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forces that unify nation-states

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centripetal forces

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forces that tend to fragment nation-states

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centrifugal forces

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forces that destabilize the government and encourage the country to fall apart.

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centrifugal forces

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Devolutionary forces (three)

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1. ethnic forces
2. economic forces
3. spatial forces

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group that shares a well-developed sense of belonging to the same culture

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ethnic group

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the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a dsitince nation with a right to autonomy or independence

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ethnonationalism

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distance, remoteness and peripheral location all contribute to this type of devolutionary force

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spatial force

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the most important person in the policymaking process that initiates new policies and plays an important role in their adoption

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chief executive

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agencies that generally implement government policy

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bureaucracies

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characteristics of a bureaucracy

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1. hierarchial authority structure
2. task specialization
3. clear goals
4. the merit principle
5. impersonality

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a chain of command that is hierarchial; the top bureaucrat has ultimate control and authority flows from the top down

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hierarchial authority structure

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a clear division of labor in which every individual has a specialized job

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task specialization

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clearly written, well-established formal rules that all people in the organization follow

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extensive rules

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a clearly defined set of goals that all people in the organization strive toward

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clear goals

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merit-based hiring and promotion; no granting of jobs to friends or family unless that are the best qualified

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the merit principle

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job performance that is judged by productivity, or how much work the individual gets done

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impersonality

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the power to make small decisions in implementin glegislative and executive decisions

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discretionary power

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rulling coalition in a military regime that includes military officers and civilian bureaucrats

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technocrats

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Characteristics of bureacracies (five):

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1. non-elected positions
2. impersona, efficient structures
3. formal qualifications for jobs
4. hierarchial organization
5. red tape/inefficiency

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legislature with two houses

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bicameral

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legislaute with one house

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unicameral

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process of identifying future leaders of the government

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elite recruitment

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courts that serve to defend democratic principles of a country against infringement by both private citizens and the government

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constitutional courts

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the mechanism that allows courts to review laws and executive actions for their constitutionality

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judicial review

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groups that connect the government to its citizens, such as political parties, interest groups and print and electronic media

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linkage groups

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the rules that decide how votes are case, counted and translated into seats in a legislature

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electoral system

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a national ballot called by the government on a policy issue

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referendum

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ballot to consult public opinion in a nonbinding way

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plebiscite

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a vote on policy initiated by the people

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initiative

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organizations of like-minded people whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

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interest groups

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leaders that have a disproportionate share of policymaking power

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political elite

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ways to identify and select people for future leadership positions

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elite recruitment

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the process that determines the procedure for replacing leaders when they resign, die or are no longer effective

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succession

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Common policy issues include:

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1. economic performance
2. social welfare
3. civil liberties, rights and freedoms
4. environment

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ways to measure economic performace...

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1, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
2. Gross National product (GNP)
3. GNP (or GDP) per capita
4. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

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all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens and groupsearn outside the country

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gross domestic product

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all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens and groupsearn outside the country PLUS income citizens earn outside the country

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gross national product

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divides the GNP (or GDP) by the population of the country

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GNP (or GDP) per capita

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a figure like GDP, except that it takes into consideration what people can buy using their income in the local economy.

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purchasing power parity

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includes health, employment, family assistance and education

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social welfare needs

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Measures of social welfare

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1. the Gini Index
2. the Human Development Index

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a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society

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the gini index

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measures the well-being of a country's people by factoring in adult literacy, life expectancy and educational enrollment, as well as GDP.

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the human development index

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an organization that studies democracy around the world, ranks countries on a 1 to 7 freedom scale, with countries given a 1 being the most free and those given a 7 being the least free

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Freedom House