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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aufbau Principle
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- when building an electron configuration of atom, electrons are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in order of increasing energy
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
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- within an atom, no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers
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Hund's Rule
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- when an electron is added to a subshells, it will always occupy an empty orbital if one is available
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Diamagnetic
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- elements with all e- paired up
- unaffected by magnetic fields |
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Paramagnetic
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- elements with unpaired e-
- affected by magnetic fields |
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what does quantized mean?
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- electrons only exist at certain energy levels
- " a stairs" |
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energy of an e-
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En = -2.178 x 10^-18 /n^2
in joules En = the energy of the e- n= the principal quantum number |
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relationship of energy and electronamgnetic radiation
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change in E = hf = hc/λ
Change in E = energy change h= plank's constant f= frequency λ= wavelength c= speed of light |
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speed of light
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= 3.00 x 10^8 m/sec
speed of light = λf |
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Planks's constant
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= 6.63 x 10^-34 joule/sec
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de Broglie equation
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= λ = h/ mv
λ= wavelength m = mass of particle v = speed of particle mv= p = momentum of particle h= plank's constant |
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Heisenbergy uncertainty principle
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- impossible to know both position and momentum of e-
- electron orbital is probabilty of e- found in that region |
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Quantum theory
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- E is quantized
E = hf |
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electron affinity
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- energy when an atom gains an e-
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electronegativiy
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- how strongly the nucleus attracts e-
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which is greater, 1st of 2nd ionization energy?
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2nd > 1st
; remaining valence electron is closer to the nucleus |
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what did Milikan do?
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- found charge of e-
- behavior of charged oil drops in electric field |
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What did Rutherford do?
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- found hard nucleus and empty atom
- charged particles at gold foil |
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What did Neils Bohr do ?
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-predicited that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific fixed radii
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can a theory be proven correct?
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- no
; can be supported through experimentation but not proved |
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what did de Broglie discover?
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matter has wave charcateristics
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atomic radius
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- size decreases when closer to the nucleus
- * top of periodic chart |
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anion
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- negativley charge atom
- electron is added |
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cation
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- postively charge atom
- electons are removed |
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to ionize
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- to remove and e
- forms a cation |
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which is larger;
Ca or Ca 2+ ? |
Ca > Ca 2+
; Ca 2+ has less e- so nucleus pulls electons closer to the nucleus |
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which is larger?
O or O 2- ? |
O 2- > O
; O has less e- than O 2-, so effective nuclear charge of 0 2- is greater that O and is able to pull farther away fronm the nucleus |
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what did Dalton do?
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- atoms never created or destroyed
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Dmiritri Medeleev and Lothar Meyer
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- developed periodic table
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what did J.J. Thompson do?
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- plum pudding model
-wathced deflection of charges in cathode ray tube - atoms have positive and negative particles - idea of electrons and protons |
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what do shell tell?
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- average distance of e- from nucleus
- higher shell means more energy |
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what does subshell tell?
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-shape of electron's orbital
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what does orbital tell?
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- orientation of electron's orbital in space
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what do the Quantum numbers describe?
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the position of electron
- each electron has four quantum numbers |
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what do spin tell?
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- direction electron spins
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n
l ml ms |
- shell
- subshell - orbital - spin |