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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 types of tissue |
1. Epithelial Tissue 2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. Neural Tissue |
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Describe 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue |
1. Cellularity - Made of cells bound closely together 2. Polarity - There is a difference in structure and function between the apical and basal surfaces 3. Attachement - Basal surface is bound to a thin, non- cellular basement membrane known as the basal lamina 4. Avascularity - Epithelia obtain nutrients via diffusion or abosorbtion 5. Regeneration - Higher rate than other tissues |
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What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue |
1. Physical protection 2. Control of permeability 3. Provide Sensation 4. Produce specialized secreations |
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Describe intercellular connections in epithelial tissue |
1. Large areas of opposing membranes are connected by transmembrane molecules known as adhesion molecules 2. Gap Junctions - interlocking transmembrane proteins with a central pore. 3. Tight Junctions - Fusion of outer layers of plasma membrane 4. Desmosome - durable connections between integral proteins which allow some movement. |
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2 types of desmosome |
1. Spot Desmosome - Small Discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments which bind cells together 2. Hemidesmosomes attach cells to extracellular structures such as the basement membrane |
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Mesothelium |
Simple squamous epithelia which lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs. |
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Endothelium |
Simple squamous epithelium which lines the inner surface of blood vessels and the chambers of the heart. |
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What are the two types of cuboidal epithelium and what are their functions |
1. Simple Cuboidal - Absorbtion and secretion (Kidney Tubules) 2. Stratified Cuboidal - Rare. Large secretary component (Sweat gland ducts and mammary gland ducts) |
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What are the types and functions of columnar epithelium |
Simple - Absorbtion/secretion (stomach) Pseudostratified - have cilia and line the respiratory tract Stratified - Rare, Anus and urethra |
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Endocrine v. Exocrine glands |
Endocrine glands produce secreations that are released into interstitial fluid, enter the blood and are distributed throughout the body Exocrine glands secrete onto the epithelial surface |
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What are the 3 modes of secretion |
Merocrine - Product released from secretory vesicles via exocytosis Apocrine - Apical cytoplasm is packed with vesicles and then shed Holocrine - Whole cell bursts |
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What are three types of exocrine secretions |
Serous Mucous Mixed |
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What are 3 components of connective tissue |
1. Specialized Cells 2. Extracellular protein fibers 3. A fluid known as ground substance *Ground substance and protein fibers constitute the matrix. |
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What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue |
1. Connective tissue proper a. Loose Connective tissue ie. Fat b. Dense Connective tissue ie. tendon 2. Fluid Connective tissue a. blood b. lymph 3. Supporting Connective Tissue |
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Connective Tissue Proper cells |
Fibroblasts - Always present. Secrete hyaluronan, proteins and protein subunits Fibrocytes - Maintain connective tissue fibers Adipocytes - Fat cells Mesenchymal Cells - Stem cells Macrophages - Phagocytes Mast Cells - Common near blood vessels and secrete histamine and heparin (anti-coag) Lymphocytes - Microphages - Neutrophils and eosinophils. Melanocytes - Synthesize and store melanin |
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What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers |
1. Collagen Fibers - Bundles of protein subunits wound together to form long straight unbrached ropes 2. Reticular Fibers - form Branching interwoven framework known as the stroma 3. Elastic fibers - contain elastin |
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Loose Connective Tissue |
Areolar tissue - loosely organized fibers and viscous ground substance which is very elastic Adipose tissue - mostly fat cells Reticular Tissue - fibrous framework |
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What are some unique characteristics of adipocytes |
In adults, adipocytes to not divide but if lipid levels are chronically high they mesenchymal cells will differentiate |
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types of Dense Connective Tissue |
Dense Regular CT - parallel collagen fibers form tendons, ligaments etc Dense Irregular CT - Interwoven collagen fibers support stresses from multiple directions and form the periosteum and perichondrium. |
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What are the formed elements in blood and how do they function |
Red Blood Cells - Transport O2 White blood Cells - Immune response a. Monocytes - phagocytes b. Lymphocytes - Phagocytes in lymph c. Eosinophils and neutrophils - phagocytes d. Basophils - release histamine Platelets - blood clotting |
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Cartilage |
A firm gel containing polysaccharide derivatives, called chondroitin sulfates. Cartilage is avascular so nutrient transport is by diffusion Generally separated by other tissue by perichondrium |
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What are the 2 mechanisms of cartilage growth |
Appositional Growth - Adds new layers to the surface of the cartilage as cells from the cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts and secrete matrix. Interstitial Growth - Enlarges cartilage from within |
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What are the 3 types of cartilage |
1. Hyaline - Matrix of closely packed collagen. It is tough and somewhat flexible. (sternocostal joints, articular cartilage) 2. Elastic - Numerous elastic fibers. (outer ear, epiglottis) 3. Fibrocartilage - Extremely durable interwoven collagen. Resists compression. (Meniscus, discs) |
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Bone |
Matrix of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and collagen fibers. Osteocytes are found in lacunae around blood vessels and communicate via cytoplasmic extensions which extend through canaliculi Growth occurs only appositionally |
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4 types of membranes |
1. Mucous Membranes - line passageways which communicate with exterior 2. Serous Membrane - double membrane 3. Cutaneous Memebrane - skin 4. Synovial Membranes - Lines joint cavity and produces synovial fluid. |
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3 types of fascia |
1. Superficial Fascia (Hypodermis) 2. Deep Fascia (Dense Irregular CT) 3. Subserous fascia |
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3 Types of muscle tissue |
1. Skeletal Muscle - Multinucleated cells which are incapable of dividing. New muscle is formed via divisions of myosatellite cells. Actin and myosin create a striated appearance 2. Cardiac Muscle - Striated muscle cells connected by intercalated discs ( a region where membranes are locked together by desmosomes, proteoglycans & gap juctions) 3. Smooth Muscle - Spindle shaped. Form walls of blood vessels and hollow organs. |
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Neural Tissue |
Tissue which is specialized to conduct electrical impulses. 2 types of cells a. Neurons b. Glial Cells |
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What are the 2 phases in response to tissue injury |
1. Inflammatory Response - Isolates the injured area while damaged cells, microorganisms are cleaned up. This is accomplished by dialation of blood vessels and increased vessel permeability, increased temp and O2, increased phagocytes 2. Regeneration - the repair process which restores normal function |
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What are the 4 signs of inflammation |
Swelling, redness, heat and pain |
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Cachexia |
Weakness and wasting of the body due to severe illness |
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Metaplasia |
A reversible structural change which alters the character of a tissue |
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What are the 3 layers of the integumentary system |
1. Epidermis 2. Dermis a. Papillary Layer b. Reticular Layer 3. Hypodermis |
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What the the 9 general functions of the integumentary system |
1. Protection against abrasion, infection and fluid loss 2. Excretion of salts 3. Themoregulation 4. Production of melanin 5. Synthesis of vitamin D 6. Production of Keratin 7. Storage of lipids in the Hypodermis 8. Sensation 9. Coordination of the immune response at the skin surface |
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5 Layers of the Epidermis |
Stratum Basale - Deepest layer and attached to the basement membrane. Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae increase surface area. Merkel cells and melanocytes Stratum Spinosum - Keratinocytes with shrunken cytoplasm. Langerhans cells defend Stratum Granulosum - Cells stop dividing and produce large amounts of keratin. Apoptosis Stratum Lucidum - Layer of thick skin Stratum Spinosum - 15-30 layers of dead cells |
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Why does taking a bath cause wrinkly fingers and toes |
Constriction of blood vessels below the skin causes it to shrink |
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What are the two pigments of the epidermis |
Carotene - Orange pigment that can be converted to vitamin A which is required for epithelial maintenance and for photoreceptors in the eye Melanin - Protects against UV damage |
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Describe the synthesis of vitamin D |
Sunlight stimulates cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum to convert a cholesterol related steroid to Vitamin D. This is converted to an intermediate in the liver used by the kidney to produce calcitriol |
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Epidermal Growth Factor |
Produced by salivary glands and glands of the duodenum. *promotes division of basale and spinosum, accelerates production of keratin, stimulates development and repair of epidermis, and stimulates secretion |
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Dermis |
2 layers Papillary layer - Areolar Tissue Reticular Layer - Interwoven Dense CT and accessory structures such as sweat glands and hair follicles |
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Skin Turgor |
H20 helps maintain flexibility in the skin. Dehydration can be indicated by pinching skin |
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Hypodermis |
Also known as Sub Q Elastic layer of areolar and adipose tissue deep to the dermis Contains approximately 80% of adipose tissue and is highly vascularized |
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Vitiligo |
Individuals lose their melanocytes and consequently develop white patches. Higher incidence in people with thyroid disorders or addison's disease |
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Glands of the integument |
Sebaceous Glands - Simple branched alveolar glands which secrete sebum via holocrine secretions Apocrine Sudoriferous Glands - Secrete products into hair follicles in the axilla, pubic region and nips via merocrine secretion. Merocrine Sudoriferous Glands - Secrete products directly onto the skin surface which cools body temp. Secretions also contain dermicidin Ceruminous Glands - Secrete cerumen in the ear |
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Skin Repair |
1. Inflammatory Phase - bleeding, swelling and redness 2. Migratory Phase - Clot or scab forms consisting of fibrin. phagocytes remove debris and granulated tissue begins to form 3. Proliferation phase - Deeper portions of the clot dissolve 4. Scarring phase - Fibroblasts in the dermis create scar tissue |
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What is granular tissue |
A combination of fibrin clots and capillaries in healing tissue |
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Why can skin regenerate so effectively |
Stem cells are present in both the epithelial and CT components. |
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Burns |
Burns that cover more than 20% of the skin are emergent because the skin is no longer able to effectively regulate fluid loss. |
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Carbuncle |
A skin infection involving a group of hair follicles. the infected material forms a lumb deep in the skin |
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Comedo |
Primary sign of acne. Enlarged pore filled with sumb, skin debris. *blackhead |
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Eczema |
Rash characterized by inflamed itchy dry scaly skin |
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Furuncle |
A skin infection involving an entire hair follicle |
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Gangrene |
A term used to describe dead or dying tissue which occurs because the local blood supply is lost or inadequate |
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Porphyria |
a rare hereditary disease in which the blood pigment hemoglobin is abnormally metabolized |
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Rosacea |
Facial blood vessels enlarge giving the face a flushed appearance |
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Urticaria |
Hives |
