Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Joint (blank) decreases as mobility increases |
strength |
|
|
What structure holds bone to bone |
Ligaments |
|
|
What does joint structure determine? |
Direction and distance of movement |
|
|
What are the two methods of classification of joint? |
1. Functional classification based on range of motion of the joint 2. Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint |
|
|
What are the three functional classifications of joints? |
1. Synarthrosis (immovable joints) 2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) 3. Diarthrosis (freely movable joint) |
|
|
What are the four structural classifications of joints? |
1. Bony -Bone interlocks with bone (synarthrotic) -Ex: front suture of frontal bone/epiphyseal lines 2. Fibrous -Can be either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic -Ex: Ligaments b/w fibia and tibia 3. Cartilaginous -Can be either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic -Ex: Pubic symphysis and cartilage b/w sternum and ribs 4. Synovial -Require articular cartilage and synovial fluid |
|
|
Characteristics of Synarthroses |
-Don't allow for movement -Fibers, cartilage, or bone -Very strong -Edges of bone may touch or interlock -Four types of synarthrotic joints -Ex: Sutures of the skull |
|
|
What are the four types of synarthotic joints |
1. Suture -Skull - bony articulation 2. Gomphsis -Teeth 3. Synchondrosis -Ribs articulating on sternum 4. Synostosis -Frontal bone of skull |
|
|
Characteristics of Amphiarthroses |
-More movable then synarthroses -Stronger than freely movable joints -Two types of amphiarthroses -Ex: Clavical articulating w/ sternum or wrist/ankle bones |
|
|
What are the two types of Amphiarthroses |
1. Syndesmosis -Bones connected by ligaments 2. Symphysis -Bones separated by fibrocartilage |
|
|
Characteristics of Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) |
-Movable joints -All diarthrotic joints are synovial! -At ends of long bones -Reside within articular capsules -Lined with synovial membrane -Ex: Hips, shoulders, fingers, toes |
|
|
What do all synovial (diatrthotic) joints reside in? |
-Articular capsules |
|
|
What are the functions of articular cartilages |
-Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules -Prevent bones from touching -Lubricate and create smooth surfaces with synovial fluid -Reduce friction |
|
|
Components of Synovial Fluid |
-Slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts -Primarily water |
|
|
Three functions of synovial fluid |
1. Lubrication 2. Nutrient distribution 3. Shock absorption (minimal) |
|
|
What are the accessory structures of joints? |
1. Cartilage 2. Fat pads 3. Ligaments (always present) 4. Tendons (always present) 5. Bursae |
|
|
Characteristics/Functions of cartilage as accessory structures |
-Cushion the joint -Absorb shock and prevent degeneration -Ex: Meniscus in knee |
|
|
Characteristics/Functions of fat pads as accessory structures |
-Superficial to the joint capsule -Protect articular cartilages -Protection and shock absorption |
|
|
Characteristics/Functions of ligaments as accessory structures |
-Support/strengthen joints |
|
|
What is a sprain? |
Stretching or tearing of a ligament |
|
|
What is a strain? |
Stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon |
|
|
Characteristics/Functions of tendons as accessory structures |
-Attach to muscles around joint -Help support joint |
|
|
Characteristics/Functions of bursae as accessory structures |
-Singular, bursa, is a pouch -Pockets of synovial fluid -Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub -Found in larger joints i.e. hip and knees -Bursitis = Inflammation or irritation of bursa |
|
|
What components help stabilize synovial joints and how? |
Prevent injury by limiting range of motion: -Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments) -Articulating surfaces of menisci -Other bones, muscles, or fat pads -Tendons of articulating bones |
|
|
What joint injuries can occur? |
1. Dislocation (luxation) 2. Subluxation (partial dislocation) |
|
|
What are the three types of dynamic motion? |
1. Linear movement (gliding) 2. Angular motion 3. Rotation |
|
|
Gliding (Linear) Movement in Synovial Joints |
-Two surfaces slide past each other -Ex: tarsal and carpal bones |
|
|
Angular Movement in Synovial Joints |
-Flexion -Extension -Hyperextension -Abduction -Adduction -Circumduction |
|
|
Flexion |
-Angular motion -Anterior-posterior plane -Reduces angle between elements |
|
|
Extension |
-Angular motion -Anterior-posterior plane -Increases angle between elements |
|
|
Hyperextension |
-Angular motion -Extension past anatomical position |
|
|
Abduction |
-Angular motion -Frontal plane -Moves away from longitudinal axis |
|
|
Adduction |
-Angular motion -Frontal plan -Moves towards longitudinal axis |
|
|
Circumduction |
-Circular motion without rotation -Ex: Drawing circle on chalkboard |
|
|
Rotational Movements in Synovial Joints |
-Direction of rotation from anatomical position -Relative to longitudinal axis of body -Left or right Rotation -Medial rotation towards axis -Lateral rotation away from axis -Pronation radius over ulna -Supination forearm to anatomical position |
|
|
Special Movements of Synovial Joints |
-Inversion -Eversion -Dorsiflexion -Plantar felixion -Opposition -Protraction -Retraction -Elevation -Depression -Lateral flexion |
|
|
Inversion |
Twists sole of foot medially |
|
|
Eversion |
Twists sole of foot laterally |
|
|
Dorsiflexion |
Flexion of ankle (lifting toes) |
|
|
Plantar flexion |
Extension of ankle (pointing toes) |
|
|
Opposition |
-Thumb movement toward fingers or palm |
|
|
Protraction |
-Moves anteriorly in horizontal plane -Pushing forward -Ex: Sticking neck forward |
|
|
Retraction |
-Opposite of protraction -Moving anteriorly (pulling back) -Ex: Giving self double chin |
|
|
Depression |
-Moves in inferior direction -Ex: Opening mouth |
|
|
Elevation |
-Moves in superior direction -Ex: Closing mouth |
|
|
Lateral Flexion |
Bends vertebral column from side to side |
|
|
From what cervical vertebra to what lumbar vertebrae is there articulation? |
C2 to L5 |
|
|
What joints are present at the inferior and superior articular processes of intervertebral joints? |
Gliding joints |
|
|
What joints are present between adjacent vertebral bodies? |
Symphyseal joints |
|
|
What are intervertebral discs and what two components are significant in them? |
-Pads of fibrocartilage that separate vertebral bodies 1. Anulus Fibrosus -Tough outer layer that attaches discs to vertebrae 2. Nucleus Pulposus -Elastic, gelatinous core -Absorbs shocks |
|
|
What four movements can the vertebral column carry out? |
1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Lateral flexion 4. Rotation |
|
|
Characteristics of the Shoulder Joint |
-Also called glenohumeral joint -Allows more motion than any other joint -Is the least stable -Supported by skeletal muscle, tendons, and ligaments -Ball-and-Socket diarthrosis -Located between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula |
|
|
Which joint is the least stable but allows the most motion out of all the joints in the body? |
The shoulder joint |
|
|
What kind of joint is the shoulder joint? |
A ball-and-socket diarthrsis |
|
|
What structure deepens the socket and extends past the glenoid cavity of the scapula? |
-A fibrocartilage called the Glenoid Labrum |
|
|
Characteristics of the Elbow Joint |
-Is a stable hinge joints -Articulations involve the humerus, radius, and ulna -Made up by two joints 1.Humeroulnar (Larger) 2.Humeroradial (Smaller) |
|
|
Between what two landmarks is the humeroulnar joint located? |
-Between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna |
|
|
Between what two landmarks is the humeroradial joint located? |
-Between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius |
|
|
Characteristics of the Hip Joint |
-Also called coxal joint -Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis -Wide range of motion |
|
|
What are the structures involved in the hip joint? |
-Head of femur fits into acetabulum of hip -Fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum lines acetabulum and extends it |
|
|
Characteristics of the Knee Joint |
-A complicated hinge joint -Transfers weight from femur to tibia -Two articulations between femur and tibia at medial and lateral condyles -One articulation between patella and patellar surface of femur -Medial and Lateral menisci |
|
|
What do the medial and lateral menisci do in the knee joint? |
They are fibrocartilage pads at the febur-tibia articulation that cushion and stabilize the joint and also give lateral support |
