A&p - Chapter 9 - Joints

Front 1

What is a joint?

Back 1

A joint is a point of contact between:

Cartilage and bone

Teeth and bone

Two or more bones

Front 2

What 2 criteria can you use to classify a joint?

Back 2

Structurally (is there a joint cavity, what type of connective tissue is involved)

AND

Functionally (what degree of movement is permitted)

Front 3

What is a fibrous joint?

Back 3

No synovial cavity

Bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue

Rich in collagen

NO MOVEMENT

Front 4

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Back 4

No synovial cavity

Bones are held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Front 5

What is a synovial joint?

Back 5

Have a synovial cavity

United by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments.

Front 6

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Back 6

Sutures: Bones of skull - thin layer of connective tissue

Syndesmoses: Greater distance / denser tissue / arranged in bundles / provides limited movement (example: tooth)

Interosseous membranes: Sheet of connective tissue / binds long bones / slight movement - radius & ulna / tiba & fibula

Front 7

What are the types of carilaginous joints?

Back 7

Synchondrosis: Hyaline cartilage / immovable joint - becomes synostosis (bony joint) as adult

Symphysis: Ends of bones has hyaline-disc of fibrocartilage connects bones - all found in midline of body

Front 8

Are synovial joints synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis?

Back 8

Diarthrosis

Front 9

Describe synovial joints

Back 9

They are covered with hyaline cartilage to reduce friction.

Many joints contain accessory ligaments (extra/intra capsular ligaments).

Nerves supply info about pain/stretch

Arteries and veins in articular capsule/ligaments

Front 10

What consists the synovial membrane?

Back 10

Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers

It can have accumulations of adipose tissue

Front 11

What consists the fibrous membrane of a synovial joint?

Back 11

Dense irregular connective tissue (mostly collagen fibers)

It attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones

Tensile strength prevents dislocation

Front 12

What consists ligaments?

Back 12

Bundles of fibrous membranes.

Front 13

What ligaments consist the knee joint?

Back 13

Extracapsular, intracapsular, and menisci

Front 14

Describe the extracapsular ligament.

Back 14

Outside the articular capsule

Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments

Front 15

Describe the intracapsular ligaments.

Back 15

Within the articular capsule

Excluded from the synovial cavity by the folds of the synovial membrane

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

Front 16

Describe the menisci.

Back 16

Crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage lie between the articular surfaces of the bones.

Front 17

What are bursae?

Back 17

Sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another (found in many synovial joints).

Front 18

What are tendon sheaths?

Back 18

Tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons subject to a great deal of friction (found in many synovial joints).

Front 19

What is synovial fluid?

Back 19

-Vicious, clear or pale yellow fluid

-Consists of hyaluronic acid (secreted by synovial cells) and interstitial fluid (from blood plasma).

-Thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule.

Front 20

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

Back 20

-Reduces friction by lubricating the joint

-Absorbs shocks

-Supplies O2 and nutrients

-Removes CO2 and wastes from articular cartilage (cartilage is an avascular tissue)

-Phagocytic cells remove microbes/debris from wear & tear

Front 21

Why is it good to warm-up prior to exercising?

Back 21

It produces more synovial fluid which causes less stress to the joints.

Front 22

Describing the functionality of joints, name the 3 types of classifications that exist.

Back 22

Synarthrosis: An immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis: A slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis: A freely movable joint.

All diarthroses are synovial joints.

Variety of shapes permit several different types of movements.

Front 23

Name the different types of movements at synovial joints.

Back 23

Gliding

Angular movement

Front 24

Describe the gliding movement

Back 24

Movement in which nearly flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another.

No change in angle of bones.

Front 25

Describe angular movements.

Back 25

Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones. This includes:

Flexion

Extension

Lateral flexion

Hyperextension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Front 26

Name the 3 planes of motion.

Back 26

Transverse

Frontal

Sagittal

Front 27

Describe what flexion is.

Back 27

It's the decrease in the angle between articulating joints.

Front 28

Describe what extension is.

Back 28

Increase in the angle between articulating bones - often to restore a part of the body to the anatomical position after it has been flexed.

Front 29

Describe what hyperextension is.

Back 29

Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.

Hyperextension is prevented in hinge joints due to the arrangement of ligaments.

Front 30

Types of movements in the sagittal plane:

Back 30

Hyperextension, extension, flexion

Front 31

Types of movements in the frontal plane:

Back 31

Lateral flexion, abduction. adduction

Front 32

Types of movements at synovial joints:

Back 32

Abduction: or radial deviation movement of a bone away from midline.

Adduction: or ulnar deviation of a bone toward midline - returns to anatomical plane.

Circumduction: Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle (shoulder joint, hip joint)

Front 33

What is a plane joint?

Back 33

Articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved.

Example: intercarpals/tarsals, sternocostal, vertebrocostal joints

Front 34

What is a hinge joint?

Back 34

Convex surface fits into a concave surface.

Example: Knee (modified hinge joint), elbow, ankle...

Front 35

What is a pivot joint?

Back 35

Rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament.

Example: Atlanto-axial & radioulnar joints

Front 36

What is a condyloid joint?

Back 36

Oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression.

Example: Radiocarpal & metacarpophalangeal joints

Front 37

What is saddle joint?

Back 37

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped; articular surface of other bone "sits" in saddle.

Example: Carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb.

Front 38

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

Back 38

Ball-like surface fits into cuplike depression.

Example: Shoulder & hip joints.

Front 39

What are factors that affect contact and ROM at synovial joints?

Back 39

-Structure & shape of articulating bones

-Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments

-Arrangement and tension of the muscles

-Contact of soft parts

-Hormones

-Disuse

Front 40

What type of joint is the TMJ? Is it syn, art, or diarthrosis?

Back 40

A combined hinge and plane joint.

It is the only freely movable joint in the skull other than ear ossicles = diarthrosis.

Front 41

What is the articular disc (meniscus) of the TMJ?

Back 41

Fibrocartilage that separates the synovial cavity into superior and inferior.

Front 42

What is the articular capsule in the TMJ?

Back 42

Thin, fairly loose envelope around the circumference of the joint.

Front 43

What is the lateral ligament in the TMJ?

Back 43

It's covered by the parotid gland and helps strengthen the joint laterally and prevent displacement of the mandible.

Front 44

What is the stylomandibular ligament?

Back 44

This ligament separates the parotid gland from the submandibular gland and limits movement of the mandible at the TMJ.

Front 45

What kind of movements can the TMJ do?

Back 45

Elevation and depression

Front 46

What type of joint is the shoulder?

Back 46

Ball-and-socket formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Front 47

What is the articular capsule of the shoulder?

Back 47

Thin, loose sac that completely envelops the joint and extends from the glenoid cavity to the anatomical neck of the humerus. The inferior part of the capsule is its weakest area.

Front 48

What is the coracohumeral ligament?

Back 48

The ligament strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule and reinforces the anterior aspect of the articular capsule. Strong, broad ligament that strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule and extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus.

Front 49

What is the glenohumeral ligament?

Back 49

Three thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surface of the joint that extend from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus. These ligaments are often indistinct or absent and provide only minimal strength. They play a role in joint stabilization when the humerus approaches or exceeds its limits of motion.

Front 50

What is the transverse humeral ligament?

Back 50

Narrow sheet extending from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus. The ligament functions as a retinaculum (retaining band of connective tissue) to hold the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.

Front 51

What is the glenoid labrum?

Back 51

Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity that slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity.

Front 52

What are the bursae?

Back 52

Four bursae are associated with the shoulder joint. They are the subscapular bursa, subdeltoid bursa, subacromial bursa, and subcoracoid bursa.W

Front 53

What kind of movements can the shoulder do?

Back 53

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

Abduction

Adduction

Medial rotation

Lateral rotation

Circumduction

Front 54

What is the elbow joint?

Back 54

It's a hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius.W

Front 55

What type of movements can the elbow do?

Back 55

Flexion

Extension

Front 56

What is the hip joint?

Back 56

Also known as the coxal joint, it's a ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone.

Front 57

What type of movements can the hip joint do?

Back 57

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Lateral rotation

Medial rotation

Circumduction of the thighW

Front 58

What is the knee joint?

Back 58

Also known as the tibiofemoral joint, it's the largest and most complex joint of the body. It is a modified hinge joint (because its primary movement is a uniaxial hinge movement) that consists of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity:

1)Lateral Tibiofemoral joint

2)Medial Tibiofemoral joint

3)Intermediate patellofemoral joint

Front 59

What type of movements can the knee do?

Back 59

Flexion

Extension

Slight medial rotation

Lateral rotation

Front 60

What happens to our joints as we age?

Back 60

Decreased production of synovial fluid

Thinning of articular cartilage

Loss of ligament length and flexibility

Front 61

What is arthroplasty?

Back 61

Joint replacement surgery can be performed to counter some of the effects of aging.

Front 62

What type of joint is a gomphosis?

Back 62

Fibrous and syndesmosis