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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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weakest parts of the skeleton
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joints
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site where two or more bones meet
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articulation
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what are the functions of the joints?
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1. give the skeleton mobility
2. hold the skeleton together |
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__________ focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
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structural classification
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what are the 3 structural classifications?
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1. fibrous
2. carilaginous 3. synovial |
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_________ is based on the amount of the movement allowed by the joint
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functional classification
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the 3 functional classes of joints are:
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1. synarthroses
2. amphiarthroses 3. diathroses |
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synarthroses is _________
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immovable
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amphiarthroses is _____________
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slightly movable
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diarthroses is _____________
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freely movable
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the bones are joined by ____________
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fibrous tissues
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give 2 facts about fibrous structural joints
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1. there is no joint cavity
2. most are immovable |
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what are the three types of fibrous structural joints?
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1. sutures
2. syndesmoses 3. gomphoses |
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3 facts about sutures
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1. occur between the bones of the skull
2. comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers 3. bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth |
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give 2 facts about syndesmoses
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1. bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament
2. movement varies from immovable to slightly variable |
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what ares some examples of syndesmoses?
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the connection between the tibia and fibia, and the connection between the radius and ulna
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the peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its aveolar socket
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gomphoses
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what is a fact about gomphoses
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the fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
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articulating bones are united by cartilage, and lack a joint cavity
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cartilaginous joints
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what are the 2 types of cartiaginous joints?
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1. synchondroses
2. symphyses |
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a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
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synchondroses
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all synchondroses are ____________
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synarthrotic
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what are some examples of synchondroses?
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1. epiphyseal plates of children
2. joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum |
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give 2 facts about symphyses
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1. hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
2. amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility |
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what are some examples of symphyses?
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1. intervertebral joints
2. the pubic symphysis of the pelvis |
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those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
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synovial joints
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synovial joints are all ____________
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freely movable diarthroses
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what are some examples of synovial joints?
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1. all limb joints
2. most joints of the body |
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synovial joints all have the following:
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1. articular cartilage
2. joint (synovial) cavity 3. articular capsule 4. synovial fluid 5. reinforcing ligaments |
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flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
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bursae
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___________ are common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
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friction-reducing structures
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what are the friction-reducing structures?
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bursae and tendon sheath
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elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
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tendon sheath
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the two muscle attachments across a joint are:
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1. origin
2. insertion |
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attachment to the movable bone
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insertion
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attachment to the immovable bone
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origin
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what are the ranges of motion?
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1. nonaxial
2. uniaxial 3. biaxial 4. multiaxial |
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slipping movements only
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nonaxial
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movement in one plane
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uniaxial
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movements in two planes
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biaxial
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movement in or around all three planes
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multiaxial
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one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
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gliding movements
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what are some examples of gliding movements?
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1. intercarpal and intertarsal joints
2. between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae |
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bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
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flexion
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reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
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extension
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up and down movement of the foot
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dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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movement away from the midline
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abduction
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movement toward the midline
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adduction
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movement describes a cone in space
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circumduction
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the turning of a bone around its own long axis
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rotation
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what are some examples of rotation?
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1. between the first two vertebrae
2. hip and shoulder joints |
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what are the special movements?
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1. supination and pronation
2. inversion and eversion 3. protraction and retraction 4. elevation and depression 5. opposition |
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give 3 facts about plane joints
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1. articular surfaces are essentially flat
2. allow only slipping or gliding movements 3. only examples of nonaxial joints |
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cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
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hinge joints
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give 2 facts about hinge joints
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1. motion is along a single plane
2. uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only |
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give some examples of hinge joints
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elbow and interphalangeal joints
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rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "sleeve" or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
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pivot joints
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in pivot joints, only _________________ is allowed
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uniaxial movement
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give some examples of pivot joints
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1. joint between the axis and the dens
2. the proximal radioulnar joint |
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oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
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condyloid or ellipsoidal joints
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give 2 facts about condyloid or ellipsoidal joints
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1. both articular surfaces are oval
2. biaxial joints permit all angular motions |
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give some examples of condyloid or ellipsoidal joints
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1. radiocarpal (wrist) joints
2. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints |
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similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement
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saddle joints
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in saddle joints, each articular surfaces has both a ______ and a ___________ surface
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concave and convex
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what are some examples of saddle joints?
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carpometarcarpal joint of the thumb
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a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplick socket of another
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ball-and-socket joints
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in ball-and-socket joints, ____________ permit the most freely moving synovial joints
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multiaxial joints
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what are some examples of ball-and-socket joints?
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shoulder and hip joints
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larges and most complex joint of the body
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knee
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the knee allows _________________________________
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flexion, extension, and some ratation
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what are the three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity?
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1. femoropatellar joint
2. lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints |
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what are the knee ligaments and tendons on the anterior view?
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1. tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
2. lateral and medial patellar retinacula 3. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments 4. patellar ligament |
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what are the other supporting structures of the knee?
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1. anterior cruciate ligament
2. posterior cruciate ligament 3. medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage) 4. lateral meniscus |
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what are the nee ligaments and tendons on the posterior view?
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1. adductor magnus tendon
2. articular capsule 3. oblique popliteal ligament 4. arcuate popliteal ligament 5. semimembranous tendon |
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ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement
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shoulder (glenohumeral)
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the head of the humerus articulates with the _________________
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glenoid fossa of the scapula
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