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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by calciumphosphate and other minerals
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Bone or osseous tissue
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What is the shaft of the bone called (also called the body)?
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diaphysis
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What is the end of the bone called?
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Epiphysis
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What covers the ends of moveable bones?
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Articular (Hyaline) cartilage
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What is the Periosteum
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A fibrous membrane that covers the outer portion of a bone, tendons attach here, highly innervated.
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What is the medullary (marrow) cavity?
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The space inside the bone that contains marrow
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What is the endosteum?
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the lining of the medullary cavity
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What is the area that contains hyaline cartilage in growing bone, and is the area that causes bones to elongate. It also becomes ossified (bone) in adults?
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The epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
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What times of cells are found in the bones? (4)
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Osteogenic Cell
Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast |
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What is a stem cell that differentiates to become an osteoblast?
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Osteogenic cells
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What are cells that lay down collagen fibers and matrix to form bones?
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Osteoblasts
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What the cells called that are mature osteoblast, bone cells, that sense the various stressors on bone?
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osteocytes
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What are osteoclasts?
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bone dissolving cells
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What are matrix's made out of?
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Mostly Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate salt, and some calscium carbonate. The organic portion is mostly collagen.
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What is compact bone?
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Densely packed bone, usually located in the outer diaphysis
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What is the basic structural unit of the compact bone? Also known as the Haversian System?
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Osteon
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What 5 things make up the basic structural unit of compact bone? (osteon)
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-central (haversian) canal
-concentric lamella -lacuna -canaliculli -perforating (volkmann) canal |
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What is located at the center of the osteon and contains the vessles and nerves?
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Central (haversian) canal
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What are the concentric layer of matrix that surround the central canal?
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concentric lamellae
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What is the space that houses a osteocyte?
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Lacuna
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What are tiny canals that connect lacuna?
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canaliculi
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what are channels that contain vessels and nerves, connect adjacent osteons and osteons to the outer surface of bone?
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Perforating (Volkmann) canals.
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What is the loosely packed bone called that is usually found inside of the epiphysis?
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spongy bone
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What are thin plates of calcified tissue that provide a lattice appearance to spongy bone?
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trabeculae
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What are the two types of Bone Marrow?
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Red bone marrow and Yellow bone marrow
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What kind of bone marrow is homopoietic tissue which produces formed elements of the blood, ex: RBC, WBC, Platelets
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Red Bone Marrow
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What kind of bone marrow is adipose tissue and is not hematopoietic?
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Yellow Bone Marrow
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What is the formation of bone called?
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Ossification or Osteogenesis
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What are the two methods of bone development (ossification?)
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Intramembranous Ossification and endochondral ossification
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What method of ossification produces flat bones (skull, clavicle) and the bone develops from membrane?
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Intramembranous Ossification.
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What method of ossicication produces most of the bones and is the process at which hyyaline cartilage matrix is laid down initially, then ossification occurs replacing this cartilage.
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Endochondral Ossification
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Remodeling
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The change of the size and shape of bones to accommodate the changing forces applied to the skeleton. (Ex. Those who sit or stand a lot, there body will add more bone tissue in your low body to support you. )
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Interstitial growth
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Adding matrix. When this occurs in the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate, the bone grows in length.
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Appositional growth
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deposition onto the surface of bone. Increases the diameter of a bone.
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What is the normal range of blood calcium? (homeostatic level)
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9.2-10.4 mg/dl
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Hypocalcemia
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low blood calcium, muscle is unable to relax, tetany
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Hypercalcemia
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high blood calcium, nerves and muscles are slow to correspond; weakness, sluggish reflexes, poss. cardioarrest.
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What is a form of vitamin D that is stimulated by absorption of UV light?
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Calcitrol
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Calcitriol works with the thyroid hromone and raises blood calcium by these three things.
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-Increasing absorption in the small intestine
-stimulates calcium removal from bones (osteoclast) -Causing the kidney to retain calcium in the blood. |
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Hormone regulation includes 3 things
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Calcitriol, Calcitonin, and Parathroid hormone PTH.
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What is released by the thyroid gland during hypercalcemia and is a hormone that lowers calcum levels in the body by:
a.) inhibiting osteoclast. b.) stimulate osteoblast (places calcium in to the bone.) |
Calcitonin
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What is released by the Parathyroid glands and is a hormone that raises the blood calcium level by:
-stimulating osteoclast -causing the kidneys to retain calcium in the blood -stimulates the production of calcitriol -decreases osteoblast activity |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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What are two Bone disorders?
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Fracture and Osteoporosis
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What is a fracture?
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Any disruption in the continuity (normal) of a bone.
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What are the steps associated with fracture repair?
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-hematoma forms around fracture site.
-Granulation tissue forms -Callus formation -Remodeling |
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What is it called when a hematoma becomes infiltrated with capilaries, fibroblasts, macrophages, oseoclasts, and osteogenic cells during fracture repair?
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Granulation tissue forms
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What is it called when fibroblasts lay down collagen, "soft callus" is formed which is made up of fibrocartilage?
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Callus formation
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What is remodeling?
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When bone tissue is laid down replacing cartilage, this froms they bony callus.
-Initially spongy bone is laid down, the outer portion of the bone is converted (remodeled) into compact (cortical) bone. |
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What is the bone disorder that results in loss of bone mass, making the bones more susceptible to fracture and is associated with aging.
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Osteoporosis.
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