Ap Chapter 5

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Trenton

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The first battle of Trenton: took place on December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, after General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River.
The Second Battle of Trenton: Battle of the Assunpink Creek,[7] also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, was a battle between American and British troops that took place in and around Trenton, New Jersey, on January 2, 1777

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Saratoga

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The Battles of Saratoga (often refered to as the Battle of Saratoga) were faught eighteen days apart and are considered a major turning point in the American revolution.

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Charleston

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a focal point in the American Revolution. It was twice the target of British attacks. Located in its harbor is Fort Sullivan

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Camden

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a major victory for the British in the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War

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Yorktown

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a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by the Comte de Rochambeau.

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Valley Forge

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the site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777–1778 in the American Revolutionary War.

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General Cornwallis

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a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence, he surrendered to the combined french and american forces at Yorktown in 1781.

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General Burgoyne

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a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence

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General Howe

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Howe was sent to North America in March 1775, arriving in May after the Revolutionary War broke out. After leading British troops to a costly victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill, Howe took command of all British forces in America from Thomas Gage in September of that year.

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General Washington

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the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continental Army in 1775–1783, and he presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787.

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Stamp Act

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a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp.[2][3] These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies.

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Sugar Act

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also known as the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act, was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764

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Virginia Resolves

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a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act of 1765

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Earl of Bute

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a Scottish nobleman who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain (1762–1763) under George III, and was arguably the last important favourite in British politics. He was the first Prime Minister from Scotland following the Acts of Union in 1707.

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Lord Rockingham

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most notable for his two terms as Prime Minister of Great Britain. He became the patron of many Whigs and served as a leading Whig grandee. He served in only two high offices during his lifetime (Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Lords), but was nonetheless very influential during his one and a half years of service.

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William Pitt

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a British politician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He became the youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24. He left office in 1801, but was Prime Minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806

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Charles Townshend

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responsible for the creation of the Townshend acts.

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Quartering Act

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These Quartering Acts were used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British soldiers had adequate housing and provisions. These acts were amendments to the Mutiny Act, which had to be renewed annually by Parliament.

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Lord Hillsborough

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Best known in the United States as the Earl of Hillsborough, he served as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1768 to 1772, a critical period leading toward the American War of Independence.

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Thomas Hutchinson

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the British royal governor of colonial Massachusetts from 1771 to 1774 and a prominent Loyalist in the years before the American Revolution.

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Committees of Correspondence

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shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of American Revolution. They coordinated responses to Britain and shared their plans

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Tea Act

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an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain to expand the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade to all British Colonies

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Gaspee Incident

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a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution Gaspée, a British revenue schooner that had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water on June 9, 1772

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Coercive Act

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a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774, Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773

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Townshend Acts

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a series of laws to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.

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Declaratory Act

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declaration by the British Parliament in 1766 which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act. The government repealed the Stamp Act because boycotts were hurting British trade and used the declaration to justify the repeal. The declaration stated that Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to make binding laws on the American colonies.

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Prohibitory Act

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a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in her American colonies, which became known as the American Revolutionary War (or, to the British, the American War of Independence). It declared and provided for a naval blockade against American ports.

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Revenue Act of 1764

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a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764.[

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1st continental congress

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a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies, met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade; publishing a list of rights and grievances; and petitioning King George for redress of those grievances, called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts

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2nd continental congress

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a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States.

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Patrick Henry

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an orator and politician who led the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. A Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779 and subsequently, from 1784 to 1786.

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King George III

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was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801, lost in the American War of Independence, which led to the establishment of the United States of America.

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Samuel Adams

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an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States

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John Adams

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an American statesman, diplomat and political theorist. A leading champion of independence in 1776, he was the second President of the United States (1797–1801)

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Thomas Paine

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an author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, wrote common sense

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Common Sense

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a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American Revolution. Common Sense, signed "Written by an Englishman", became an immediate success, presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided.

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American Crisis

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a series of pamphlets published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution by 18th century Enlightenment philosopher and author Thomas Paine.

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John Locke - "Two Treatises on Government"

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a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha and the Second Treatise outlines a theory of political or civil society based on natural rights and contract theory.

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George Grenville

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a British Whig statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain after Bute, best known policy is the Stamp Act, an exclusive tax on the colonies in America, which provoked widespread opposition

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Sons of Liberty

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a political group made up of American patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies. The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists from the usurpations by the British government after 1766.

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William Pitt

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The younger Pitt's prime ministerial tenure, which came during the reign of George III, was dominated by major events in Europe, including the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Pitt, although often referred to as a Tory, or "new Tory", called himself an "independent Whig" and was generally opposed to the development of a strict partisan political system.

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The Massachusetts Circular Letter

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a statement written by Samuel Adams and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts. Reactions to the letter brought tensions between the British Parliament and Massachusetts to a boiling point, and resulted in the military occupation of Boston by the British Army, which contributed to the coming of the American Revolution.