A&p Chapter 4

Front 1

a group of similar cells, usually with a similar embryological origin, that is specialized for a particular function

Back 1

a tissue

Front 2

the various tiessues of the body are classified into four types:

Back 2

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous tissue

Front 3

epithelial tissue

example

Back 3

covers body surfaces and lines body cavities -protection

ex: skin

Front 4

connective tissue

example

Back 4

binds and supports body parts

ex: blood, fat, bones

Front 5

muscular tissue

example

Back 5

moves body parts

ex: skeleteal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

Front 6

nervous tissue

example

Back 6

receives stimuli and conducts impulses from one body part to another

ex: neuron, neuroglia

Front 7

all the tissues in the body develop from three primary germ layers

Back 7

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Front 8

all connective tissue and most muscle tissues derive from the:

Back 8

mesoderm

Front 9

nervous tissue develops from the

Back 9

ectoderm

Front 10

epithelial develop from

Back 10

the three primary germ layers

Front 11

contact points between the plasma membrane of tissue cells

Back 11

cell juntions

Front 12

form fluid tight seals between cells

Back 12

tight junctions

Front 13

forms an impermeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane proteins join which produces a sipperlike fastening.

Back 13

tight junction

Front 14

how does tight junctions help epithelial surfaces:

Back 14

retard the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues

Front 15

a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

Back 15

plaque

Front 16

how do adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces

Back 16

resist serparation during activites, as when food moves through the intestines

Front 17

the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments firmly attached to button like thickenings

Back 17

adhesion junction

Front 18

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membrances and attach to one another

Back 18

dermosomes

Front 19

how do desmosomes help epithelial cells

and cardiac muscle cells

Back 19

prevent them from separating under tension
and prevent cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction

Front 20

adherens junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes do what to cells

Back 20

anchor cells to one another or to the basement membrane

Front 21

gap junctions permit?

Back 21

electrical and chemical signals to pass between cells

Front 22

epithelial tissue consists of cells

Back 22

arranged in sheeets, in either single or multiple layers

Front 23

epithelial tissue is never covered by anotehr tissue so it always has

Back 23

a free surface

Front 24

epithelial tissues have three major functoins:

Back 24

1) selective barriers that limit or aid the transfer of substances into and out of the body
2) secretory surfaces that release products produced by the cell into their free surfaces
3) protective surfaces that resist the abrasive infleunces of the enviornment

Front 25

the external surface of the epithelial tissue it:

Back 25

protects the body from injury, drying out, and possible pathogen invasion

Front 26

on the internal surfaces epithelial tissue is used for

Back 26

protection

Front 27

epithelial tissue has a basement membrane that

Back 27

functions as a point of attachment and support for the overlying epithelial tissue

Front 28

epithelial tissue has it's own nerve supply but is:

Back 28

avascular (lackts its own blood supply)

Front 29

exchange of substances between epithelium and connective tissues occures by

Back 29

diffusion

Front 30

epithelial tissues function in

Back 30

protection, secretion, absorption, and exretion

Front 31

epithelial tissue are classified according to

Back 31

the cell shape and number of cell layers

Front 32

epitherlial tissue lines __ organs like

Back 32

hollow..stomach, blood vessels, heart

Front 33

epithelial tissue is related with what space

Back 33

lumen

Front 34

epithelial tissue combines with ___ to form special organs for

Back 34

nervous tissue

smell, hearing, vision, and touch

Front 35

single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.

Back 35

simple epithelium

Front 36

two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

Back 36

stratified epithelium

Front 37

multiple layers and the cells rest of on the basement membrane

Back 37

pseudostratified epithelium

Front 38

floor tiles and are thin. they allow for the rapid passage of substances

Back 38

squamous cells

Front 39

-tall and wide
-may have microvilli
- secretions or absorption

Back 39

cuboidal cells

Front 40

-much taller than they are wide
-protect underlying tissues
-may have cilia or microvilli
-specialize in secretion/protection

Back 40

columnar

Front 41

capillaries are composed of a single layer of ___

Back 41

epithelial cells

Front 42

the permeabiliy of capillaries allows

Back 42

exchange of substances between the blood and tissue cells

Front 43

simple squamous epithelium is present at sites where the

Back 43

processes of filtration, diffusion occur.

Front 44

simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels is known as __

where as the type that forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes that line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and cover the organs within them

Back 44

endothelium


mesothelium

Front 45

is found in the ovaries, kidneys, and eyes and lining some glandular ducts

Back 45

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 46

rectangular cells that line most of the gastrointestinal tract. specalized cells containing microvilli perform absorption

Back 46

columnar epithelium

Front 47

a sngle layer of retangular cells. found in a few portions of the respiratory tract, where it moves foreign particles trapped in the mucus out of the respiratory tract

Back 47

ciliated simple columnar

Front 48

has one layer but gives the appearance of many.
contains goblet cells and lines most of the upper respiratory tract.

Back 48

pseudostratified

Front 49

several layers of cells, found in adult sweat glands and a portion of the male urethra where it provides limited secretion and absorption

Back 49

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 50

several layers, found in the portion of the male urethra and large excretory ducts of some glands where it functions in protection and secretion

Back 50

stratified columnar epithelium

Front 51

several layers of cells whose appearance varies with the degree of stretching. lines the urinary bladder

Back 51

transitional epithelium

Front 52

a single cell or a group of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

Back 52

gland

Front 53

endocrine glands secrete:

Back 53

hormones into interstitual fluid and then into the blood

Front 54

exocrine glands secrete

Back 54

into ducts or directly onto a free surface (sweat, oil, mucous)

Front 55

the structural classification of exocrine glands includes

Back 55

unicellular and multicellualr glands

Front 56

the classification of exocrine glands includes

Back 56

holocrine
apocrine
merocrine

Front 57

what is the most abundant body tissue

Back 57

connective tissue

Front 58

consists of relatively few cells and an abundant extracellular matrix of ground substance and fibers.

Back 58

connective tissue

Front 59

connective tissue does not occur on _____ but it has a ___ and ____

Back 59

free surfaces

nerve supply and is highly vascular

Front 60

connective tissue cell types

fibroblasts

Back 60

secrete extracellular matrix

Front 61

connective tissue cell types

macrophages

Back 61

perform phagocytosis

Front 62

connective tissue cell types

plasma cells

Back 62

secrete antibodies

Front 63

connective tissue cell types

mast cells

Back 63

produce histamine

Front 64

connective tissue cell types

adipocytes

Back 64

store fat

Front 65

connective tissue cell types

white blood cells

Back 65

migrate from blood in response to infections

Front 66

what makes up the extracellular matrix

Back 66

ground substance and fibers

Front 67

-binds cell together
-provides a medium for the exchange of materials
-stores water
-actively influences cell functions

Back 67

ground substance

Front 68

substances found in the ground substance include:

Back 68

water, polysaccharides, and glycosaminoglycans, adhesion proteins

Front 69

the fibers in the extracellular matrix provide

Back 69

strength and support

Front 70

fibers in the extracellular matrix are of 3 types

Back 70

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

Front 71

what fiber is found in bones, tendons, and ligaments

Back 71

collagen fibers

Front 72

composed of elastin, fibrillin, and other glycoproteins. found in the skin, blood vessel walls, and lungs

Back 72

elastic fibers

Front 73

composd of collagen and glycoprotein. found in cat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle cells

Back 73

reticular fiber

Front 74

two major subclassses of connective tissue are

Back 74

embryonic connective tisssue and mature connective tissue

Front 75

embryonic connective tisssue is found in the

Back 75

embro and fetus

Front 76

mature connective tissue is found in the

Back 76

newborn

Front 77

the embryonic connective tissues form

Back 77

almost all other connective tissues

Front 78

mucous connective tissues are found in the

fuction

Back 78

umbilical cord of the fetus where it gives support

Front 79

three types of fibers, serveral types of cells, and a semifluid ground substance. found in the subcuteaneous layer in mucous membrances and around blood vessels, nerves and body oragns

Back 79

areolar connective tissue

Front 80

consits of adipocytes which store trihlycerides around oragns, and in yellow bone marrow.

Back 80

adipose tissue

Front 81

brown adipose tissue generates

Back 81

heat

Front 82

consists of reticular fibers and reticular cells is found in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Back 82

reticular connective tissue

Front 83

includes dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue

Back 83

dense connective tissue

Front 84

consists of parallel bundles of collagen fiber and fibroblasts. it forms tendons and most ligaments

Back 84

dense regular connective tissue

Front 85

conssits of randomly arranged collagen fiber and few fibroblasts. found in fasciae(dermis of the skin) and membrane capsules aorund organs

Back 85

rense irregular connective tissue

Front 86

branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts. found in the walls of large arteries, lungs, trachea, and bronchial tubes

Back 86

elastic connective tissue

Front 87

contains chondrocytes and has a rubbery extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers

Back 87

carilage

Front 88

gel-like ground substance and appears bluish white in the body is found in the embryonic skeleteon, at the ends of bones, in the nose, and respiratory structures. it is flexible, allows movement, and provides support

Back 88

hyaline cartilage

Front 89

what is the most abundant type of cartialge

Back 89

hyaline cartilage

Front 90

in the knee joint. contains chondrocyes scattered amoung clearly visible bundles of collagen fibers

Back 90

fibrocartilage

Front 91

cartilage enlarges by:

Back 91

interstitial growth (from within) and appositional growth (from without)

Front 92

extracellular mix of mineral salts and collagen fibers that contribute to the hardness of bone and oasteocytes that are located in lucunae.

Back 92

bones or osseous tissue

Front 93

supports, protects, provides a surface area for muscle attachment, helps provide movement, stores minerals, and houses blood-froming tissue

Back 93

bone or osseous tissue

Front 94

liquid connective tissue that consists of blood plasma and formed elements -red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Back 94

blood tissue

Front 95

transports ocygen, carbon dioxide, carry on phagocytosis, allergic reactions, provide immunity, and bring about blood clotting

Back 95

blood tissue

Front 96

the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels, liquid connective tissue, and is a clear fluid to similar to blood plasma but with less protein

Back 96

lymph

Front 97

an epithelial membrance consists of an

Back 97

epithelial layer overlying a connective tissue layer

Front 98

line cavities that open to the exterior, such as the gastrointestinal tract

Back 98

mucous membranes

Front 99

line closed cavities and cover the organs in the cavities. consist of parietal and visceral layers

Back 99

serous membranes

Front 100

line joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths and consist of areolar connective tissue

Back 100

synovial membranes

Front 101

consists of muscle fibers that are specialized for contraction. provides motion, maintenance of posture, heart production and protection

Back 101

muscular tissue

Front 102

attached to moves and is striated and volunatry

Back 102

skeletal muscle

Front 103

cardiac muscle is __ and __

Back 103

striated and involuntary

Front 104

found in the walls of hollow internal structures and is nonstraied and involuntary

Back 104

smooth muscle tissue

Front 105

the nervous system is composed of __ and ___

Back 105

neurons and neuroglia

Front 106

neruons are

Back 106

nerve cells

Front 107

neuroglia are

Back 107

protective and supporting cells

Front 108

neurons are ___
and do 2 things

Back 108

sensitive to stimuli
-convert stimuli into electrical signals and conduct nerve impulses

Front 109

the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials

Back 109

electrical excitability

Front 110

because neurons and muscle fibers exhibit electrical excitability, they are considered

Back 110

excitable cells

Front 111

the replacement of worn-out, damaged, or dead cells by healthy ones

Back 111

tissue repair

Front 112

stem cells may divide to:

Back 112

replace lost of damaged cells

Front 113

if the injury is superficial tissue repair involves

Back 113

parenchymal regeneration

Front 114

if the tissue damage is extensive what is involved

Back 114

granulation tissue is involved

Front 115

what two things are vital to tissue repair

Back 115

good nutrition and blood circulation

Front 116

tissue heals faster and leaves less scares in the

Back 116

young

Front 117

surgery performed on fetuses leaves

Back 117

no scars

Front 118

the extracellular components of tissues such as collagen and elastic fibers..do what

Back 118

change with age

Front 119

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line part of the body

Back 119

membrane