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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structural and functional unit of life |
cell |
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how many types of human cells are there?
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over 200 |
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What are the 3 basic parts of a cell? |
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
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what constantly changes to make a fluid mosaic |
lipid bilayer and proteins |
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What is the extracellular fluid that surround the cell? |
interstitial fluid |
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cell membrane is made up of what |
phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol |
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two types of membrane proteins |
integral and peripheral |
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where are integral proteins in relationship to the membrane |
firmly inserted into the membrane |
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what proteins functions as transport proteins |
integral proteins |
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where are peripheral proteins in relation to the membrane |
loosely attached to the integral proteins |
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what are the six functions of the membrane proteins |
transport, receptors for signal transduction, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining, cell to cell recognitions |
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glycocolyx |
allows immune system to recognize self and non self` |
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three types of cell junctions |
tight, gap, desmosome |
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what do tight junctions do |
form impermeable junction encircling the cell. prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between cells |
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desmosomes |
tight welds that hold the membrane together at thickenings on the membrane |
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gap |
allows some molecules to move from cell to cell |
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the membrane of the cell is what. allowing only certain molecules to pass through it |
selective permeablity |
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two types of membrane transport |
active and passive |
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difference between active and passive transport |
active requires energy in the form of atp passive does not |
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in passive transport what way do molecules movE |
down the concentration gradient |
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how is the speed of passive transport affected |
by the size and temperature |
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what three ways can molecules move through the cell membrane with passive transport |
if it is lipid soluble, or if it is small enough to pass through the membrane channels or if it is assisted by a carrier molecule |
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what is simple diffusion |
when nonpolar hydrophobic substances travel directly through the phospholipid bilayer |
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what is facilitated diffusion |
certain lipophobic molecules are transported passively by binding to protein carriers or moving through water filled channel |
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transmembrane integral proteins are ________ |
carriers |
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leakage channels are always ________ |
open |
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gated channels are ______ |
controlled by electrical of chemical signals. opens and closes to let certain things in or out |
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what is osmosis |
movement of water through the membrane through the lipid bilayer or aquaporins |
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measure of total concentration of solute particles |
osmolarity |
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osmosis causes cells to ____ and ______ |
grow and shrink |
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the ability of solution to alter cells water volume |
tonicity |
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solution with the same solute concentration as the cytosol |
isotonic |
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solution with higher solute concentration than cytosol |
hypertonic |
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solution with lower solute concentration that cytosol |
hypotonic |
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active transport requires what two things |
solute pumps and atp |
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does active transport move with the concentration gradient or against it |
against |
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primary active transport requires energy directly from |
atp hydrolysis |
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most well studied solute pump |
sodium potassium pump |
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where are sodium potassium pumps located |
in all plasma membranes |
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what is the ration for the Na K pump |
3:2 3potassium for every 2 sodium |
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what is vesticular transport |
transport of arge particles macromolecules, and fluids across the membrane in membraneous sacs call vesicles (bubble) |
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what is the functions of vesticular transport |
exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, transcytosis, vesticular trafficking |
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phagocytosis |
eating of self |
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pinocytosis |
drinking of self |
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what is produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across membrane in all cells |
resting membrane potential |
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voltage in the membrane range from _____-_____ |
-50 to -100 mV |
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cell interactions always involve |
glycocalyx |
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what are the two types of ER |
smooth and rough |
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on which ER are ribosomes located |
rough |
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detoxify harmful substances |
peroxisomes |
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called suicide oraganelle |
lysosomes |
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elaborate series of rods throughout the cytosol |
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
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thinnest of the cytoskeletal elements |
microfilaments |
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largest of the cytoskeletal elements. dynamic hollow tubes. most radiate from the centrosome |
microtubules |
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protein complexes that function in motility |
motor proteins |
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what do motor proteins need to work |
ATP |
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what are two cellular extensions |
cilia and flagells |
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what is the only cell that has a flagella |
sperm |
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what does cilia do |
increase surface area for absorption and moves things over cells |
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what is the largest organelle that contains DNA |
nucleus |
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most cells have how many nuclei |
one |
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red blood cells have how many nuclei |
none |
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what is continuous with the rough er and has ribisomes |
nuclear envelope |
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dark staining spherical bodies within the nucleus |
nucleolus |
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threadlike strands of dna histone proteins and rna |
chromatin |
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chromatin condenses into small barlike bodies called |
chromosomes |
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what are the stages of mitosis |
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (cytokinesis) |
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what are signs of interphase |
chromatin, nuclear envelope intact, nucleolus visible, centrioles replicated |
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what are the subphases of interphase |
g1-lots of growth g0- where bad cells end and don't divide s-replicating dna g2-growth and final preps for division |
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what are characteristics of prophase |
chromatin turns to chromosomes nuclear envelope breaks up nucleolus disappears centrioles move to opposite ends |
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what are characteristics of metaphase |
chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate |
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characteristics of anaphase |
chromosomes splits and are shaped like V chromosome move to opposite ends |
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characteristics of telophase |
when chromosomes stop moving cleavage furrow chromosomes turn to chromatin nuclear envelope reforms nucleolus reappears |
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characteristics of cytokinesis |
division of the cytoplasm two identical daughter cells |
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when does cytokenesis begin |
late anaphase |
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during dna replication what does it mean to be semi conservative |
one old strand one new strand |
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which strand of dna continuously replicates |
leading strand |
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what strand discontinuously replicates |
lagging strand |
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dna polymerase only works in one direction. what is that direction. |
5 prime to 3 prime |
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replicates dna |
dna polymerase |
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unzips dna |
dna helicase |
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seals the breaks in the lagging strand |
dna ligase |
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in the central dogma of biology which comes first transcription or translation |
transcription
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what are the steps in the central dogma of biology |
dna replicates it is transcribed to rna mrna takes it to the ribosome the ribosome translates it to dna the trna pairs with the codons and trna drops the corresponding amino acids then protein is formed |
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where are the two places the ribosome could be |
floating in the cytoplasm or on the rough er |
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dna directed dna synthesis |
dna replication |
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dna directed rna synthesis |
transcription |
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rna directed protein synthesis |
translation |
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three important stop codons |
uca uaa uga |
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thymine changes to what in rna |
uracil |
