A&p Chapter 2

Front 1

Levels of Organization

Back 1

Chemical/Molecular, cellular, tissue, organs, systems, organism

Front 2

Chemistry

Back 2

science dealing with the structure of matter

Front 3

Matter

Back 3

anything that takes up space and has mass; on earth, mass = weight

Front 4

Atoms

Back 4

smalles units of matter

Front 5

Ionic Bond

Back 5

atraction between + and - charges; form between ions = atoms or molecules with an electric charge

Front 6

Cation

Back 6

positive

Front 7

Anion

Back 7

Negative

Front 8

Covalent Bonds

Back 8

sharing electrons with other atoms

Front 9

hydrogen bonds

Back 9

weak attraction between H+ and oxygen or nitrogen or fluorine

Front 10

States of Matter

Back 10

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Front 11

Enzymes

Back 11

a protein; catalyst for reaction with specific substrate; not changed during reactions; destroyed by temp and pH changes; increases rate of reaction; breakdown of sugars; needed for most chemical reactions in living organisms

Front 12

Nutrients

Back 12

essential elements; obtained from diet; may be organic or inorganic

Front 13

Inorganic Compounds

Back 13

usually do not contain carbon as part of primary structure; ionic bonds; ex. carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, acids, bases, salts

Front 14

Organic Compounds

Back 14

formed with carbon and hydrogen as part of primary structure; covalent bonds; ex. proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbs

Front 15

Water

Back 15

H2O, 2/3 body weight, inorganic, hydrogen bond, solvent, chemical reactions occur within, absorb and retain heat, carries heat away when changing from liquid to gas, lubricant - reduces friction

Front 16

Aqueous solutions

Back 16

water has - and + charges; polar molecule; compounds with polar covalent bonds attract water; compounds that are non-polar do not dissolve in water

Front 17

Hydrophillic

Back 17

water loving; glucose

Front 18

Hydrophobic

Back 18

Water hating; fats and oils

Front 19

Electrolytes

Back 19

inorganic substances; release ions when dissolved in water; conduct electrical current

Front 20

Hydrogen Ion releasing electrolytes

Back 20

acids

Front 21

Hydroxyl Ion releasing electrolytes

Back 21

bases

Front 22

pH

Back 22

negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter; scale 0-14;

Front 23

Buffer

Back 23

pH homeostasis; eliminate excess H+ and OH- to keep pH constant; ex. bicarbonate, antacids

Front 24

Salt

Back 24

inorganic compound; ionic bonds; dissolves in water;

Front 25

Inorganic Compounds

Back 25

water, electrolytes, salts, acids, bases, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Front 26

Organic Compounds

Back 26

contain carbon and have covalent bonds

Front 27

Carbohydragtes

Back 27

Organic; C:H:O - 1:2:1; covalent bonds; sugars and starches; energy source

Front 28

Monosaccharides

Back 28

carbs;
3-7 carbons;
simple sugar - glucuse;
dissolves in water

Front 29

Disaccharides

Back 29

carbs; two monosaccharides joined; soluble in water; lactose, maltose, sucrose; dehydration and hydrolysis

Front 30

Dehydration

Back 30

joining together by removing water

Front 31

Hydrolysis

Back 31

breaking apart by forming water

Front 32

Polysaccharides

Back 32

complex carbs; not soluble in water; mono and disaccharides combined; starch, cellulose, glycogen

Front 33

Cellulose

Back 33

plants; cellery; bulk; no energry; polysaccharide

Front 34

Starches

Back 34

contain glucose; body breaks down into monosaccharides; plants; potato

Front 35

Glycogen

Back 35

animal starch; stored then broken down into monosaccharides as needed

Front 36

Lipids

Back 36

C:H - 1:2; triglycerides, phsopholipids, steroids, vitamins, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Front 37

Triglycerides

Back 37

fats; glycerol and fatty acid; attached by dehydration; energy stored in fats

Front 38

Fatty Acids

Back 38

straight chains of carbon; saturated and unsaturated

Front 39

Saturated

Back 39

one single covalent bond between carbon atoms

Front 40

Unsatruated

Back 40

one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Front 41

Phospholipids

Back 41

lipids with fatty acid replaced with phosphate molecule; major part of cell membranes

Front 42

Steroids

Back 42

lipids composed of 4 interconnected ring molecules; cholesterol - needed for cell membrane; bile salts - digestion of fat and lipids; sex hormanes - testosterone and estrogen

Front 43

Proteins

Back 43

organic compounds; contain C, H, O, N; structure, energy hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, and enzymes; made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Front 44

Peptide Bonds

Back 44

formed by dehydration; broken by hydrolysis; 20 amino acids

Front 45

Nucleic Acid

Back 45

organic molecule; controls cell activities; DNA & RNA; composed of nucleotides

Front 46

Nucleotides

Back 46

monosaccharide with phosphate and organic base

Front 47

DNA nucleotides

Back 47

store genetic info; deoxyribose with organic bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Front 48

RNA nucleotides

Back 48

help synthesize proteins; ribose with organic bases: adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Front 49

Organic Compounds

Back 49

carbs, lipds, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 50

ATP

Back 50

adenosine triphosphate; energy storing molecule; releases energy when broken down; breaks down to ADP (adenosine diphosphate); cellular respiration