A&p Chapter 13 Central Nervous System

Front 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 1

Brain, Spinal Cord

Front 2

Brain (4)

Back 2

1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon
3) Brain stem
4) Cerebellum

Front 3

Spinal Cord

Back 3

Creates rapid reactions (reflexes)

Pathway for sensory nerve impulses to brian, motor nerve impulses from brain

Front 4

Meninges

Back 4

3 Connective tissue membranes
- Covers + protects CNS
- Contains CSF

Front 5

Meninges:
Dura Mater

Back 5

Consists of outer periosteum + deep meningeal layer

Has dural sinuses + dural septa

Front 6

Meninges:
Arachnoid

Back 6

Subarachnoid space - has CSF filled with blood vessels

Arachnoid villi - removes excess CSF from skull

Front 7

Meninges:
Pia Mater

Back 7

Pia = delicate

Closely adheres to brian, supports many tiny blood vessels.

Front 8

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 8

1) Gives buoyancy to brain
2) Protects brain + spinal cord from impact damage
3) Delivery medium for nutrients + chemical signals

Front 9

Cerebrum

Back 9

(Thinking)
1) Interprets sensory impulses
2) Voluntary muscular movement
3) Emotional and intellectual processing

Cerebral Cortex

Front 10

Cerebrum:
Cerebral cortex

Back 10

Gray matter on outside

Recieves and combines incoming + outgoing information

White matter on inside

Front 11

Cerebrum:
(4) Lobes

Back 11

Frontal, parietal, temporal + occipital

Front 12

Gyri

Back 12

Bumps or ridges

Front 13

Sulci

Back 13

Grooves

Front 14

Fissures

Back 14

Deep sulci (grooves)

Front 15

Sensory Area

Back 15

Receive sensory impulses

Posterior half of both hemisphere

Directly connects with peripheral sensory receptors

Front 16

Motor Area

Back 16

Initiates movement

Front 17

Association Areas

Back 17

Complex functions, fine control

Front 18

What are alpha waves?

Back 18

Present in people who are awake, relaxed.

10-12 cycles/sec

Front 19

Whare are beta waves?

Back 19

Present during mental activity or with visual stimuli

13-25 cycles/sec

Front 20

What are theta waves?

Back 20

Normally found in infants. Sign of distress in adults.

5-8 cycles/sec

Front 21

What are deta waves?

Back 21

Found in infants, sleeping adults. In conscious adults, it's a sign of brain damage.

1-5 cycles/sec

Front 22

Association Area:
Somatosensory association area

Back 22

1) Interprets sensations
2) Determines shape + texture without looking at it.
3) Determines orientation between two objects.
4) Sense body part
5) Stores memory of past experiences to compare with present experiences.

Front 23

Association Area:
Visual association area

Back 23

1) Recieves sensory impulses from primary visual area + thalamus
2) Relates present/past visual experiences.
3) Recognizing/evaluating what is seen

Front 24

Association Area:
Auditory association area

Back 24

Recognition of sound as speech, music, or noise.

Ex. sound of car vs. sound of voice

Front 25

Association Area:
Wernicke's area

Back 25

In left temporal + parietal lobes

1) Interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
2) translates words to thoughts

Right hemisphere corresponds to Broca's and Wernicke's in the left (communication by adding emotion)

Front 26

Right Hemisphere

Back 26

Analytical
- Reasoning
- Numerical
- Scientific
- Language

Front 27

Left Hemisphere

Back 27

Creativity
- Music
- Art
- Spacial/Pattern perception
- Emotion
- General mental images

Front 28

Diencephalon:
Thalamus

Back 28

Relays/Processes sensory + motor information

With other parts of brain helps regulate
- general health + maintenance
- emotions
- maintains consciousness
- cognition (thinking + knowing)

Damage - dimentia, numbness, cause coma

Front 29

Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus

Back 29

Small part of diencephalon, inferior to thalamus

1) Controls autonomic NS (involuntary)
2) Controls pituitary
3) Regulates emotion, behavior, thirst, hunger
4) Thermoregulation
5) Reproductive rhythms in females

Small amount of hypothalamus hormone in male reproductive system

Females work as a clock, ovulating once a month.

Front 30

Midbrain

Back 30

Conducts nerve impulses from cerebrum to spinal cord, medulla + pons

1) Superior colliculi
2) Inferior colliculi

Front 31

Pons

Back 31

1) Connects left and right cerebellum
2) Voluntary movements from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
3) Helps control breathing (pneumotaxic area, apneustic area)

Front 32

Medulla Oblongata

Back 32

Inferior part of brain stem

Continuation of spinal cord

Sensory + motor tracts connects brain + spinal cord

1) Pyramids
- Somatic motor tracts (caisamor cross)
- 90% of left pass to right + right to left
2) Cardiovascular + medullary rhythmicity areas (controls breathing)

Quick death if damaged

Front 33

Hemorrhage

Back 33

Walls of artery develop soft spots (like bulges)

Front 34

Internal Spinal Cord:
White + Gray matter

Back 34

White matter surrounds gray matter

H = Dorsal(back)/Ventral(belly) Horn

Central Canal continuous of 4th ventricle

Anterior = visceral motor, somatic motor

Posterior = visceral sensory, somatic sensory

W = vertical tracts to + from brain
G = horizontal tracts between somatic + visceral spinal reflexes