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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Vasa Vasorum
The blood vessels that serves larger blood vessels which are located in the walls
Angiogenesis
Growth of new blood cells
Three layers of Arteries and their compositions
Tunica Interna - Endothelium, basement membrane, and internal elastic lamina

Tunica Media - Thickest layer with smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Tunica Externa - Collagen and Elastic Fibers
Elastic Arteries
Large diameter arteries greater than 1cm and has large proportion of elastic fibers in Tunica media

i.e Aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, vetebral, pulmonary, and common illiac arteries
Function of Elastic fibers of arteries in storing mechanical energy for a short time and cause the blood to flow even when heart is not beating
Pressure Reservoir
Muscular Arteries
Blood vessel named so because their tunica media has less elastic fibers and more smooth muscle which gives it control over rate of blood flow
Arteriole Composition
Has a normal tunica interna and a tunica media composed of mainly smooth muscle and very little elastic fiber
Microcirculation
Flow of blood from arterioles to venules through capillaries
Capillary Composition
Single layer of Endothelium and basement membrane and no Tunica Media or Externa
Metarteriole
Vessel that emerges from an arteriole and supplies a network of 10 - 100 capillaries
With smooth muscle for regulation at the proximal end & No smooth muscles at distal end
Capillary Bed
A network of 10-100 capillaries that is supplied by a metarteriole
Throughfare Channel
Distal end of Metarteriole which contains no smooth muscle
Precapillary Sphincter
Rings of smooth muscle between metarteriole and capillaries which control blood flow through capillary bed
Vasomotion
Intermittent contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters to regulate blood flow

Usually, because of this, blood only flows through 25% of capillary bed
3 Types of Capillaries
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid
Continuous Capillary
Capillary with no holes and are only interrupted by Intercellular clefts found in skeletal, smooth, connective tissues, and lungs
Fenestrated Capillary
Capillary with small pores found in Kidney, villi of Small Intestine, Some endocrine glands
Sinusoid Capillary
Capillary with large holes and have incomplete or absent basement membranes with large intercellular clefts found in liver, red bone marrow, spleen
Portal System
Circulation of blood in which blood passes from one capillary network into another through a portal vein
Difference between Artery and Vein (3)
Vein has no Elastic Lamina

Vein has less smooth muscle

Vein has more Lumen space than comparable artery
Venules Composition and Function
Blood vessel consisting of Tunica Internal of endothelium and Tunica media with few smooth muscle; very porous and it is here that WBCs emigrate from blood into tissue
Thin folds of Tunica Interna that form flaplike cusps pointing toward the heart to prevent backflow of blood
Vein Valves
Vascular Sinus
Vein with thin endothelium and no smooth muscle to alter its diameter but has surrounding dense connective tissue in replacement of Tunica Media and Externa to provide support
Varicose Veins
Condition in which venous valves leak allowing backflow of blood which causes blood to pool and leak into surround tissue
Hemmorrhoid
Varicose veins in the Anal Canal
Treatment options for Varicose Veins (5)
1) Sclerotherapy - Injection of solution that damages vein which heals back with scars to occlude the vein

2) Elastic Stockings which is used as a support hose

3) Radiofrequency Endovenous Occlusion - Using radiowaves to heat up and close off varicosed veins

4) Laser Occlusion - Using Laser therapy to shut down vein

5) Stripping - Flexible wire is threaded through vein and pulled from the body.
Collateral Circulation
Alternate route of blood flow to a bady part through an anastomosis
End Arteries
Arteries that do not Anastomose
Blood Reservoirs
Systemic Veins and Venules contain 64% of all blood so they function as reservoirs for when blood is needed
3 mechanisms of Capillary Exchange
Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk Flow
Bulk Flow
Passive process in which large numbers of ions or molecules move at far greater rates than diffusion can account for
Filtration
Pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from capillaries into interstitial fluid
Reabsorption
Pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid into capillaries
Two pressures promoting Filtration
Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP) - Pressure generated by pumping of heart

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Presusre
Pressure promoting Reabsorption
Blood Colloid osmotic Pressure
Net Filtration pressure (NFP)
Balance filtration pressures and reabsorption pressures
Starling's Law of the Capillaries
Near equalibrium of filtration and reabsorption
Edema
Swelling due to an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume caused by much high filtration v.s lower reabsorption
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Average Blood Pressure in arteries which is 1/3 of the way up from diastolic blood pressure
Vascular Resistance and the 3 factors
Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of blood vessel

Blood Vessel Diameter
Blood Viscocity - Ratio of RBC to plasma
Total Blood Vessel length - Fat people have HTN because of all the extra blood vessels in adipose tissue
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
Total vascular resistances by systemic blood vessels
Two other mechanisms that pump blood from lower body back into heart
Skeletal Muscle Pump

Respiratory Pump
Circulation Time
Time it takes for a drop of blood to go from right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary circulation - Left atrium - Left Ventricle - Systemic circulation - and back to right atrium

Resting person is about 1 minute
Syncope and 4 types
Sudden temporary loss of consciousness not due to head trauma followed by spontaneous recovery

Vasodepressor - Due to sudden emotional stress

Situational - Due to pressure stress associated with urination, defecation, coughing

Drug-induced

Orthostatic Hypotension - excessive decrease in BP from getting up too fast
Cardiovascular (CV) Center Location and function
Located in Medulla Oblongata and helps to regulate heart rate and stroke volume
Cardiac Accelerator nerves
Path for Sympathetic impulses from the CV center
Vagus Nerves
Path for parasympathetic impulses from the CV center
Vasomotor Nerves
Path for continual impulses sent to smooth muscle from CV center resulting in Vasomotor Tone
Vasomotor Tone
Resting level of systemic vascular resistance
Two most important Baroreceptor Reflexes
Carotid Sinus Reflex & Aortic Reflex
Carotid Sinus Reflex and Pathway
Regulates BP in the brain

-Baroreceptors - Glossopharyngeal Nerves - CV center
Aortic Reflex and Pathway
Regulates systemic Blood Pressure

-Baroreceptors - Vagus Nerves - CV center
Carotid Sinus Syncope
Fainting due to inappropriate stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors
Location of Chemoreceptors
Close to Carotid baroreceptor and Aortic Baroreceptors in small Carotid Bodies and Aortic Bodies
3 things that Chemoreceptors detect
Hypoxia - Low O2
Acidosis - High H+
Hypercapnia - High CO2
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) System
When blood volume falls in kidney, juxtaglomerular cells secrete Renin

Renin combines with ACE to change Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II raises BP by increasing systemic vascular resistance & by releasing aldosterone which increases reabsorption of sodium and water by kidneys
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine system (2)
Increases cardiac output by increasing rate and force of heart contractions.

Also causes vasoconstriction in arterioles and veins in abdominal organs while vasodialating cardiac and skeletal muscle arterioles and veins
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Released by cells of the Atria, lowers BP by casing vasodilation and promoting loss of salt and water through urine
4 Hormonal regulation systems of BP
1) Renin - Angiotensin - Aldosterone (RAA)

2) Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

3) ADH

4) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Autoregulation
Ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands
2 Causes of Autoregulation
Physical changes - Warming & Cooling & Myogenic Response in which smooth muscle in arteriole walls contract more forcefully when its stretched and relaxes when there's less stretching

Chemicals - WBCs, platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells all release vasodialators
Difference between Pulmonary & Systemic O2 autoregulatory responses
In systemic, response is vasodilation to increase delivery

In Pulmonary, response is vasoconstriction of poorly ventilated alveoli which ensures that blood does not pass by them and goes to better ventilated ones instead
Korotkoff Sounds
Sounds heard while taking BP
Pulse Pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic BP
Shock & 4 types
Failure of cardiovascular system to deliver characterized by inadequate blood flow to tissues

Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic
Vascular
Obstructive
Hypovolemic Shock
Condition caused by loss of body fluids through excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting etc
Cardiogenic Shock
Condition caused by inadequate pumping of heart due to myocardial infarction, heart valve problems, impared muscle contractility etc
Vascular Shock
Condition caused by a sudden drop in BP due to decrease in systemic vascular resistance
Anaphylactic Shock
Sudden drop in BP due to vasodilation from an allergic reaction
Neurogenic Shock
Sudden drop in BP due to vasodilation from trauma to head causing malfunction of CV center in medulla
Septic Shock
Sudden drop in BP due to vasodilation from certain bacterial toxins
4 Homeostatic responses to Shock
1) Activation of RAA system - Raise BP
2) Release of ADH -Raises BP
3) Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System -Raises BP
4) Release of vasodilators - Lowers BP but increases blood local blood flow
Symptoms of Shock (7)
Systolic BP less than 90
Rapid resting heart rate
Weak Rapid Pulse
Clammy pale skin
Sweating
Decreased urinary output
Thirst