Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vasa Vasorum
|
The blood vessels that serves larger blood vessels which are located in the walls
|
|
Angiogenesis
|
Growth of new blood cells
|
|
Three layers of Arteries and their compositions
|
Tunica Interna - Endothelium, basement membrane, and internal elastic lamina
Tunica Media - Thickest layer with smooth muscle and elastic fibers Tunica Externa - Collagen and Elastic Fibers |
|
Elastic Arteries
|
Large diameter arteries greater than 1cm and has large proportion of elastic fibers in Tunica media
i.e Aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, vetebral, pulmonary, and common illiac arteries |
|
Function of Elastic fibers of arteries in storing mechanical energy for a short time and cause the blood to flow even when heart is not beating
|
Pressure Reservoir
|
|
Muscular Arteries
|
Blood vessel named so because their tunica media has less elastic fibers and more smooth muscle which gives it control over rate of blood flow
|
|
Arteriole Composition
|
Has a normal tunica interna and a tunica media composed of mainly smooth muscle and very little elastic fiber
|
|
Microcirculation
|
Flow of blood from arterioles to venules through capillaries
|
|
Capillary Composition
|
Single layer of Endothelium and basement membrane and no Tunica Media or Externa
|
|
Metarteriole
|
Vessel that emerges from an arteriole and supplies a network of 10 - 100 capillaries
With smooth muscle for regulation at the proximal end & No smooth muscles at distal end |
|
Capillary Bed
|
A network of 10-100 capillaries that is supplied by a metarteriole
|
|
Throughfare Channel
|
Distal end of Metarteriole which contains no smooth muscle
|
|
Precapillary Sphincter
|
Rings of smooth muscle between metarteriole and capillaries which control blood flow through capillary bed
|
|
Vasomotion
|
Intermittent contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters to regulate blood flow
Usually, because of this, blood only flows through 25% of capillary bed |
|
3 Types of Capillaries
|
Continuous
Fenestrated Sinusoid |
|
Continuous Capillary
|
Capillary with no holes and are only interrupted by Intercellular clefts found in skeletal, smooth, connective tissues, and lungs
|
|
Fenestrated Capillary
|
Capillary with small pores found in Kidney, villi of Small Intestine, Some endocrine glands
|
|
Sinusoid Capillary
|
Capillary with large holes and have incomplete or absent basement membranes with large intercellular clefts found in liver, red bone marrow, spleen
|
|
Portal System
|
Circulation of blood in which blood passes from one capillary network into another through a portal vein
|
|
Difference between Artery and Vein (3)
|
Vein has no Elastic Lamina
Vein has less smooth muscle Vein has more Lumen space than comparable artery |
|
Venules Composition and Function
|
Blood vessel consisting of Tunica Internal of endothelium and Tunica media with few smooth muscle; very porous and it is here that WBCs emigrate from blood into tissue
|
|
Thin folds of Tunica Interna that form flaplike cusps pointing toward the heart to prevent backflow of blood
|
Vein Valves
|
|
Vascular Sinus
|
Vein with thin endothelium and no smooth muscle to alter its diameter but has surrounding dense connective tissue in replacement of Tunica Media and Externa to provide support
|
|
Varicose Veins
|
Condition in which venous valves leak allowing backflow of blood which causes blood to pool and leak into surround tissue
|
|
Hemmorrhoid
|
Varicose veins in the Anal Canal
|
|
Treatment options for Varicose Veins (5)
|
1) Sclerotherapy - Injection of solution that damages vein which heals back with scars to occlude the vein
2) Elastic Stockings which is used as a support hose 3) Radiofrequency Endovenous Occlusion - Using radiowaves to heat up and close off varicosed veins 4) Laser Occlusion - Using Laser therapy to shut down vein 5) Stripping - Flexible wire is threaded through vein and pulled from the body. |
|
Collateral Circulation
|
Alternate route of blood flow to a bady part through an anastomosis
|
|
End Arteries
|
Arteries that do not Anastomose
|
|
Blood Reservoirs
|
Systemic Veins and Venules contain 64% of all blood so they function as reservoirs for when blood is needed
|
|
3 mechanisms of Capillary Exchange
|
Diffusion
Transcytosis Bulk Flow |
|
Bulk Flow
|
Passive process in which large numbers of ions or molecules move at far greater rates than diffusion can account for
|
|
Filtration
|
Pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from capillaries into interstitial fluid
|
|
Reabsorption
|
Pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid into capillaries
|
|
Two pressures promoting Filtration
|
Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP) - Pressure generated by pumping of heart
Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Presusre |
|
Pressure promoting Reabsorption
|
Blood Colloid osmotic Pressure
|
|
Net Filtration pressure (NFP)
|
Balance filtration pressures and reabsorption pressures
|
|
Starling's Law of the Capillaries
|
Near equalibrium of filtration and reabsorption
|
|
Edema
|
Swelling due to an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume caused by much high filtration v.s lower reabsorption
|
|
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
|
Average Blood Pressure in arteries which is 1/3 of the way up from diastolic blood pressure
|
|
Vascular Resistance and the 3 factors
|
Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of blood vessel
Blood Vessel Diameter Blood Viscocity - Ratio of RBC to plasma Total Blood Vessel length - Fat people have HTN because of all the extra blood vessels in adipose tissue |
|
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
|
Total vascular resistances by systemic blood vessels
|
|
Two other mechanisms that pump blood from lower body back into heart
|
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Respiratory Pump |
|
Circulation Time
|
Time it takes for a drop of blood to go from right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary circulation - Left atrium - Left Ventricle - Systemic circulation - and back to right atrium
Resting person is about 1 minute |
|
Syncope and 4 types
|
Sudden temporary loss of consciousness not due to head trauma followed by spontaneous recovery
Vasodepressor - Due to sudden emotional stress Situational - Due to pressure stress associated with urination, defecation, coughing Drug-induced Orthostatic Hypotension - excessive decrease in BP from getting up too fast |
|
Cardiovascular (CV) Center Location and function
|
Located in Medulla Oblongata and helps to regulate heart rate and stroke volume
|
|
Cardiac Accelerator nerves
|
Path for Sympathetic impulses from the CV center
|
|
Vagus Nerves
|
Path for parasympathetic impulses from the CV center
|
|
Vasomotor Nerves
|
Path for continual impulses sent to smooth muscle from CV center resulting in Vasomotor Tone
|
|
Vasomotor Tone
|
Resting level of systemic vascular resistance
|
|
Two most important Baroreceptor Reflexes
|
Carotid Sinus Reflex & Aortic Reflex
|
|
Carotid Sinus Reflex and Pathway
|
Regulates BP in the brain
-Baroreceptors - Glossopharyngeal Nerves - CV center |
|
Aortic Reflex and Pathway
|
Regulates systemic Blood Pressure
-Baroreceptors - Vagus Nerves - CV center |
|
Carotid Sinus Syncope
|
Fainting due to inappropriate stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors
|
|
Location of Chemoreceptors
|
Close to Carotid baroreceptor and Aortic Baroreceptors in small Carotid Bodies and Aortic Bodies
|
|
3 things that Chemoreceptors detect
|
Hypoxia - Low O2
Acidosis - High H+ Hypercapnia - High CO2 |
|
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) System
|
When blood volume falls in kidney, juxtaglomerular cells secrete Renin
Renin combines with ACE to change Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II Angiotensin II raises BP by increasing systemic vascular resistance & by releasing aldosterone which increases reabsorption of sodium and water by kidneys |
|
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine system (2)
|
Increases cardiac output by increasing rate and force of heart contractions.
Also causes vasoconstriction in arterioles and veins in abdominal organs while vasodialating cardiac and skeletal muscle arterioles and veins |
|
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
|
Released by cells of the Atria, lowers BP by casing vasodilation and promoting loss of salt and water through urine
|
|
4 Hormonal regulation systems of BP
|
1) Renin - Angiotensin - Aldosterone (RAA)
2) Epinephrine & Norepinephrine 3) ADH 4) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
|
Autoregulation
|
Ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands
|
|
2 Causes of Autoregulation
|
Physical changes - Warming & Cooling & Myogenic Response in which smooth muscle in arteriole walls contract more forcefully when its stretched and relaxes when there's less stretching
Chemicals - WBCs, platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells all release vasodialators |
|
Difference between Pulmonary & Systemic O2 autoregulatory responses
|
In systemic, response is vasodilation to increase delivery
In Pulmonary, response is vasoconstriction of poorly ventilated alveoli which ensures that blood does not pass by them and goes to better ventilated ones instead |
|
Korotkoff Sounds
|
Sounds heard while taking BP
|
|
Pulse Pressure
|
Difference between systolic and diastolic BP
|
|
Shock & 4 types
|
Failure of cardiovascular system to deliver characterized by inadequate blood flow to tissues
Hypovolemic Cardiogenic Vascular Obstructive |
|
Hypovolemic Shock
|
Condition caused by loss of body fluids through excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting etc
|
|
Cardiogenic Shock
|
Condition caused by inadequate pumping of heart due to myocardial infarction, heart valve problems, impared muscle contractility etc
|
|
Vascular Shock
|
Condition caused by a sudden drop in BP due to decrease in systemic vascular resistance
|
|
Anaphylactic Shock
|
Sudden drop in BP due to vasodilation from an allergic reaction
|
|
Neurogenic Shock
|
Sudden drop in BP due to vasodilation from trauma to head causing malfunction of CV center in medulla
|
|
Septic Shock
|
Sudden drop in BP due to vasodilation from certain bacterial toxins
|
|
4 Homeostatic responses to Shock
|
1) Activation of RAA system - Raise BP
2) Release of ADH -Raises BP 3) Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System -Raises BP 4) Release of vasodilators - Lowers BP but increases blood local blood flow |
|
Symptoms of Shock (7)
|
Systolic BP less than 90
Rapid resting heart rate Weak Rapid Pulse Clammy pale skin Sweating Decreased urinary output Thirst |