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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mediastinum
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Mass of tissue that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column between the lungs
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Cardiopulmonary Resucitation
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CPR which consists of properly applied cardiac compression performed with artificial ventilation of lungs via mouth to mouth respiration
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Pericardium and it's two parts
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Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart has a superficial fibrous layer and serous layer
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Fibrous Pericardium
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Layer of pericardium composed of tough inelastic dense irregular connective tissue which prevents overstretching of heart, provides protection, and anchors heart to mediastinum
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Serous Pericardium
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Thin double layer around the heart with a parietal and visceral layer and a film of serous fluid in between to allow smooth sliding
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Epicardium
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Visceral layer of the serous pericardium of the heart and is also both a part of pericardium and heart wall
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Pericardial fluid
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Serous fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium which is the pericardial cavity
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3 layers of heart wall Outside In
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Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
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Auricle
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Dog ear like parts of atria that serves to increase its blood capacity
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Sulci
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Grooves found on heart that contain coronary blood vessels and some fat
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Boundary that separates Atria and Ventricles
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Coronary sulcus
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Boundary that separates the left and right ventricles
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Anterior and Posterior Interventricular Sulci
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3 veins that runs into the Right Atrium
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Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus |
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Pectinate Muscles
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Muscular ridges found on the anterior side of the right atrium that gives it the roughness contrary to the smooth posterior side
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Fossa Ovalis
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An oval depression found in the interatrial septum which is a remnant of the Foramen ovale sealed up after birth
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Trabeculae Carneae
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Raised bundles of cardiac muscle fiber found in both ventricles that help to convey part of heart conduction system
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Ligamentum Arteriosum
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Remnant of the Ductus Arteriosus that passes blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta of a fetus
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Fibrous Skeleton of Heart
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Tissue made of four dense connective tissue rings that surround valves of heart to prevent overstretching of valves and serves as electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
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Stenosis
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Contriction of Heart Valve
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Insufficiency/Incompetence
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Failure of a valve to close completely
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Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
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Insufficiency of Mitral Valve
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Rheumatic Fever
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Acute systemic inflammatory disease that triggers immune response that inflames joints, heart valves and organs. Weakens heart wall and damages mitral and aortic valves
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Left Coronary Artery pathway
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Divides into Anterior Interventricular branch which runs through anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies anterior walls of both ventricles
Also the Circumflex Branch which runs through coronary sulcus and supplies Left ventricle and Atrium |
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Right Coronary Artery Pathway
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Feeds right atrium with small branches
Divides into Posterior Interventricular Branch that runs through the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies posterior walls of both ventricles Also divides into Marginal branch which runs in coronary sulcus and supplies myocardium of right ventricle |
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Anastomoses
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Connections between arteries that supply the same region of the heart to provide alternative routes for blood
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Coronary Sinus
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A vascular Sinus that lies on the posterior surface of heart where most of deoxygenated blood for myocardium drains into
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4 Coronary Veins and their functions
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Great Cardiac Vein drains everything that Left coronary artery provides - Left & Right ventricles & left atrium
Middle Cardiac Vein - Drains blood provided by posterior interventricular artery - left and right ventricle Small Cardiac Vein- drains blood of right atrium and right ventricle Anterior Cardiac Vein - Drains right ventricle and opens directly to right atrium |
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Repurfusion
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The reestablisment of blood flow in the heart after a blockage. This can damage tissue further because of the formations of free radicals from reintroduced oxygen
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Myocardial Ischemia
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Reduced blood flow to Myocardium
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Hypoxia
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Reduced oxygen supply
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Angina Pectoris
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Literally means "strangled chest"
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Myocardial Infarction (MI)
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Commonly known as a heart attack meaning the death of an area of tissue due to interrupted blood supply
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Large P, Q, R wave
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Large P - Enlarged Atrium
Large Q - Myocardial infarction Large R - Enlarged Ventricle |
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Flatter T wave
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ECG indication of inadequate oxygen supply
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End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
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Volume of blood inside each ventricle at the end of atrial systole and ventricular diastole
130ml in resting person |
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Isovolumetric Contraction
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Period when both SL and AV valves are closed and pressure builds up inside ventricles
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End Systolic Volume (ESV)
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A.K.A Stroke Volume is volume left inside each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole
60mL in resting person |
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Dicrotic Wave
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Wave produced on the aortic pressure curve due to rebounding of blood off the closed cusps of the aortic valve
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Isovolumetric Relaxation
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Period after SL valves close and there is no change in ventricular blood volume because all four valves are closed
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Auscultation
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Listening to sounds within the body usually with a stethoscope
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Lubb and Dubb
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1 is caused by closure of AV node when ventricular systole begins
2 is caused by closer of SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole |
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Heart Murmur
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abnormal sound before, between or after normal heart sounds. It is common in young children but disappear with growth
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Cardiac Output (CO)
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Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Usually is close to total blood volume and increases during excercise |
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Cardiac Reserve
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Difference between person's maximum CO and Resting CO
Average person has cardiac reserve 4-5 times the resting value Endurance Athletes have 7-8 times the cardiac reserve than their resting CO |
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Three factors that regulate stroke volume and ensures that both ventricles pump same volume of blood
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Preload is amount of blood that fills the heart during diastole.
Contractility is the strength of the cotraction Afterload is the pressure that must be overcome before the SL valve opens |
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Positive & Negaive Inotropic Agents
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Positive is substance that increases Heart Contractility
Negative is substance that decreases Heart Contractility |
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The more heart fills with blood during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
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Frank-Starling law of the heart
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
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Loss of pumping efficiency by the heart due to coronary heart disease, long term HTN etc
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Cardiovascular Center
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Located in the Medulla Oblongata, the region recieves input from sensory receptors and then directs output to increase or decrease frequency of impulses in both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of ANS
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Proprioceptor
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Monitors position of limbs and sends impulses at a higher frequency as physical activity begins
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Chemoreceptor
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Monitors chemical changes in the blood
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Baroreceptors
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Monitors stretching of major arteries and veins caused by pressure of blood
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Cardiac Accelerator Nerves
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A sympathetic neuron that extends from thoracic spine to the SA node, AV node, and most portions of myocardium which triggers release of norepinephrine
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2 functions of Norepinephrine
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1) Speeds rate of spotaneous depolarizaion so impulses are fired faster
2) Enhances slow Ca2+ channels to increase contractility |
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Vagus Nerves
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Route for Parasympathetic Nerve impulses which terminate in SA node, AV node, and atrial myocardium and releases Acetylcholine to slow down hear
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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A condition resulting from an accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries cuting off blood flow to heart
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Arteriosclerosis
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A group of diseases characterized by the thickening of arterial walls and loss of arterial elasticity
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Atherosclerosis
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A type of arteriosclerosis hat is characterized by formation of Atherosclerotic Plaques inside large and medium sized arteries
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HDLs and LDLs
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Low Density Lipoproteins carry cholesterol from liver to body. This is the bad cholesterol
High density Lipoprotein transports cholesterol from body cells to the liver for destruction. This is the good cholesterol |
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Coronary Angiography
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An invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into an artery toward the heart and into coronary arteries. This can be used to visualize and to inject clot dissolving drugs
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Coronary Artery bypass grafting (CABG)
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Medical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of body is attached to aorta and unblocked portion of coronary artery
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percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
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Surgical Procedure in which a balloon catheter is inserted into an artery ad then inflated to squash plaque against blood vessle.
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Stent
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A fine metallic wire tube used in Percutaneous Transluminal coronary angioplasty to permanently hold the artery open
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Arrhythmia/Dysrhythmia
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Abnormal rhythm of heart due to defect in conduction system of heart
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Fibrillation
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Rapid uncoordinated heart beats
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