A&p Ch. 7

Front 1

The ____ Skeleton
* Eighty bones segregated into three regions. What are these regions?

Back 1

* Skull
* Vertebral column
* Bony thorax

Front 2

What is the body's most complex bony structure

Back 2

The Skull

Front 3

The ___ is formed by the cranium and facial bones

Back 3

The Skull

Front 4

____ - protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles

Back 4

Cranium

Front 5

* Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs, and the teeth
* Provide openings for the passage of air and food
* anchor the facial muscles of expression

Back 5

Facial Bones

Front 6

* Eight cranial bones--two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
* Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong for their weight

Back 6

Anatomy of the Cranium

Front 7

____ ____
* Forms the anterior portion of the cranium
* Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via the coronal suture
* Major markings include the suprorbital margins, the anterior cranial fossa, and the frontal sinuses (internal and lateral to the glabella).

Back 7

Frontal Bone

Front 8

Articulation between parietal bones and frontal bone anteriorly

Back 8

Coronal suture

Front 9

where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly

Back 9

Sagittal Suture

Front 10

where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly

Back 10

Lambdoid suture

Front 11

where parietal and temporal bones meet

Back 11

Squamosal or squamous suture

Front 12

Form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull

Back 12

Parietal bones and major asso sutures

Front 13

* Forms most of skull's posterior wall and base
* Major markings include the posterior cranial fossa, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, and the hypoglossal canal.

Back 13

Occipital bone and its major markings

Front 14

* Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor
* Divided into four major regions- squamous, tympanic, masoid, and petrous
* Major markings include the zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes, and the mandibular and middle cranial fossae

Back 14

Temporal Bones

Front 15

Major openings include the stylomastoid and jugular foramina, the external and internal auditory meatuses, and the carotid canal.

Back 15

Temporal Bones

Front 16

* Butterfly-shaped (batman) bone that spans the width of the middle cranial fossa
* Forms the central wdge that articulates with all other cranial bones
* Consists of a central body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes.

Back 16

Sphenoid Bone

Front 17

* Major markings: the sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, and the pterygoid processes
* Major openings include the foramina rotundum, ovale, and spinosum; the optic canals; and the superior orbital fissure.

Back 17

Sphenoid Bone

Front 18

* Most deep of the skull bones; lies between the sphenod and nasal bones
* Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits
* Major markings include the cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae, and the ethmoid sinuses

Back 18

Ethmoid Bone

Front 19

Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures

Back 19

Wormian Bones

Front 20

14 bones of which only th mandible and vomer are unpaired
The paired bones are the maxillae, zygoatica, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior conchae.

Back 20

Facial Bones

Front 21

* The ____ (lower jawbone) is the largest, strongest bone of the face.
* Its major markings include the coronoid process, mandibular condyle, the alveolar margin, and the mandibular and mental foramina.

Back 21

Mandible and its markings

Front 22

* Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton
* Facial keystone bones that articulate wiht all other facial bones except the mandible
* Their major markings include palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins, inferior orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses.

Back 22

Maxillary Bones

Front 23

* Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that form the prominences of the cheeks and the inferolateral margins of the orbits.
* It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It forms part of the orbit and is commonly reffered to as the cheekbone

Back 23

Zygomatic Bones

Front 24

thin medially fused bones that form the bridge of the nose

Back 24

Nasal bones

Front 25

contribute to the medial walls of the orbit and contain a deep groove called the lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac.

Back 25

Lacrimal bones

Front 26

two bone plates that form portions of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits.

Back 26

Palatine Bones

Front 27

* plow-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal septum

Back 27

Vomer

Front 28

paired, curved bones in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Back 28

Inferior nasal conchae

Front 29

* Bony cavities in which the eyes are firmly encased and cushioned by fatty tissue
* Formed by parts of seven bones - frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid.

Back 29

Orbits

Front 30

* Constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage
* Roof- formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
* Lateral walls- formed by the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid, the perpendicular plate of the palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae
* Floor- formed by palatine process of the maxillae and palatine bone

Back 30

Nasal Cavity

Front 31

formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid

Back 31

Roof

Front 32

formed by the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid, the perpendicular plate of the palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae

Back 32

Lateral walls

Front 33

formed by palatine process of the maxillae and palatine bone

Back 33

Floor

Front 34

* Mucosa-lined, air-filled sacs found in five skull bones- the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones
* Air enters the paranasal sinuses from the nasal cavity and mucus drains into the nasal cavity from the sunuses
* Lihten the skulll and enhance the resonance of the voice

Back 34

Paranasal Sinuses

Front 35

* Not actually part of the skull, but lines just inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck
* Only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone
* Attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech.

Back 35

Hyoid Bone

Front 36

Formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way that a flexble curved structure results

Back 36

Vertebral column

Front 37

7 bones of the neck

Back 37

Cervical vertebrae

Front 38

12 bones of the torso

Back 38

Thoracic vertebrae

Front 39

5 bones of the lower back

Back 39

Lumbar Vertebrae

Front 40

bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones

Back 40

Sacrum

Front 41

Posteriorly concave curvatures

Back 41

cervical and lumbar

Front 42

Posteriorly convex curvatures

Back 42

Thoracic and Sacral

Front 43

What is scoliosis

Back 43

Abnormal lateral curve

Front 44

What is Kyphosis

Back 44

Hunchback

Front 45

What is lordosis

Back 45

Swayback

Front 46

continuous bands down the front and back of the spine from the neck to the sacrum

Back 46

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Front 47

connect adjoining vertebrae together

Back 47

Short ligaments

Front 48

* Cushion-like pad composed of two parts
* Nucleus pulposus
* Annulus fibrosus

Back 48

Verebral Column: Intervertebral Disks

Front 49

inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility

Back 49

Nucleus pulposus

Front 50

Surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

Back 50

Annulus fibrosus

Front 51

Disc-shaped, weight-bearing region

Back 51

Body or centrum

Front 52

Conposed of pedicles and laminae that, along with th centrum, enclose the vertebral foramen

Back 52

Vertebral arch

Front 53

Make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes

Back 53

Vertebral foramina

Front 54

Spinous processes project _____, and the transverse processes project laterally

Back 54

Posteriorly

Front 55

Superior and inferior _____ processes- protrude superiorly and inferiorly from the pedicle- lamina junctions

Back 55

Articular

Front 56

Lateral openings formed from notched areas on the superior and inferior borders of adjacent pedicles

Back 56

Intervertebral foramina

Front 57

* Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest, lightest vertebrae
* C3-C7 are distinguished with an oval body, short spinous processes, and large, triangular vertebral foramina
* Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen

Back 57

Cervical Vertebrae

Front 58

* The ____ has no body and no spinous process
* It consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
* The superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occupital condyles

Back 58

The Atlas (C1)

Front 59

* The ____ has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae
* Unique to the axis is the dens, or dontoid process, which projects superiorly from the body and is cradled in the aterior arch of the atlas
* The dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas.

Back 59

The Axis (C2)

Front 60

* There are twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) all of which articulate with ribs
* Major markings include two facets and two demifacets on the heart-shaped body, th circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a long spinous process
* The location of the articulate facets prevents flexion and extension, but allows rotation of this area of the spine.

Back 60

Thoracic Vertebrae

Front 61

The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in the small of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing function

Back 61

Lumbar Vertebrae

Front 62

They have shor, thick pedicles and laminae, flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes, and a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen

Back 62

Lumbar Vertebrae

Front 63

Orientation of articular facets locks the lumbar vertebrae together to provide stability

Back 63

Lumbar Vertebrae

Front 64

Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis

Back 64

Sacrum

Front 65

It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones

Back 65

Sacrum

Front 66

Major markings include the sacral promontory, transverse lines, alae, dorsal sacral foramina, sacral canal, and sacral hiatus.

Back 66

Sacrum

Front 67

The ____ is made up of four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum

Back 67

Coccyx (Tailbone)

Front 68

The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly

Back 68

Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)

Front 69

____ ____
Functions:
* Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
* Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
* Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles
* Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing

Back 69

Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)

Front 70

* a dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax

Back 70

Sternum (breastbone)

Front 71

Results from the fusion of three bones- the superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process

Back 71

Sternum (Breastbone)

Front 72

Anatomical landmarks include the jugular (suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and the xiphisternal joint

Back 72

Sternal (Breastbone)

Front 73

There are ___ pair of ribs forming the flaring sides of the thoracic cage

Back 73

12

Front 74

All ribs attach posteriorly to the ___ vertebrae

Back 74

Thoracic

Front 75

The superior ___ pair (true, or vertebrosternal ribs) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages

Back 75

7

Front 76

Ribs __-__ (false, or vertebrocondral ribs) attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage.

Back 76

8-10

Front 77

Ribs __-__ (floating, or vertebral ribs) have no anterior attachment

Back 77

11-12

Front 78

Bowed, flat bone consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft

Back 78

Sturcture of a typical true rib

Front 79

* The _____ skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles
* Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk
* Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

Back 79

Appendicular

Front 80

The ____ ____ consist of the anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae

Back 80

Pectoral Girdles

Front 81

They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement

Back 81

Pectoral Girdles

Front 82

They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs

Back 82

Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)

Front 83

Slender, doubly curved long bones lying across the superior thorax

Back 83

Clavicles

Front 84

The acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula, and the sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum

Back 84

Clavicles

Front 85

Provide attachment points for numerous muscles, and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body

Back 85

Clavicles

Front 86

Triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs

Back 86

Scapulae

Front 87

____ have three borders and three angles

Back 87

Scapulae

Front 88

Major markings include the suprascapular notch, spine, the acromion, and the coracoid process

Back 88

Scapulae

Front 89

The ____ ____ consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus).

Back 89

The upper Limb

Front 90

Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each ____ limb

Back 90

The Upper limb

Front 91

The humerus is the sole bone of the ____

Back 91

Arm

Front 92

It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow

Back 92

Arm

Front 93

The bones of the ___ are the radius and ulna

Back 93

Forearm

Front 94

They articulate proximally with the humerus and distally with the wrist bones

Back 94

Forearm

Front 95

They also artiuclate with each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints

Back 95

Forearm

Front 96

Interosseous membrane connects the two bones along their entire length

Back 96

Forearm

Front 97

The ___ lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius

Back 97

Ulna

Front 98

Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus

Back 98

Ulna

Front 99

Its major markings include the olecranon,coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, and the styloid process

Back 99

Ulna

Front 100

The ____ lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, widened distally

Back 100

Radius

Front 101

The superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

Back 101

Radius

Front 102

Medially, the head artiuculates with the radial notch of the ulna

Back 102

Radius

Front 103

Major markings include the radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process

Back 103

Radius

Front 104

Skeleton of the ____ conains wrist bones (carpals), bones of the palm (metacarpals) and bones of the fingers (phalanges)

Back 104

Hand

Front 105

____ Consists of eight bones
* Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform proximally
* Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally

Back 105

Carpus (Wrist)

Front 106

* Five numered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm
* Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with each other medially and laterally
* Heads articulate with the phalanges

Back 106

Metacarpus (Palm)

Front 107

* Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones called ___
* Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb (pollex)
* Each finger (except the thumb) has three ____ - distal, middle, and proximal
* The thumb has no middle phalanx

Back 107

Phalanges (fingers)

Front 108

* The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (os coxae, or coxal)
* Together with the sacrum and the coocyx, these bones form the bony pelvis

Back 108

Pelvic Girdle (hip)

Front 109

* The pelvis
* Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with the strongest ligaments of the body
* Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs
* Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis

Back 109

Pelvic Girdle (Hip)

Front 110

* The ilium is a larg flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone
* It consists of a body and a superior winglike portion called the ala
* The broad posterolateral surface is called the gluteal surface

Back 110

Ilium

Front 111

* The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
* Major markings include the iliac crests, four spines, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, arcuate line, and the pelvic brim

Back 111

Ilium

Front 112

* The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone
* The thick body articulates with the pubis
* Major markings include the ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, and the ischial tuberosity

Back 112

Ischium

Front 113

* The pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the hip bone
* It articulates with the ischium and the ilium
* major markings include superior and inferior rami, the pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pubic arch, pubic symphysis, and obturator foramen (along with ilium and ischium)

Back 113

Pubis

Front 114

____ pelvis
* Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing
* True pelvis defines birth canal
* Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity

Back 114

Female Pelvis

Front 115

____ pelvis
* Tilted less forward
* Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles

Back 115

Male Pelvis

Front 116

* The three segments of the ___ limbs are the thigh, leg, foot
* They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs

Back 116

The Lower Limbs

Front 117

* The sole bone of the thigh is the ____, the largest and strongest bone in the body
* It articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula
* Major markings include the head, fovea capitis, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles, linea aspera, patellar surface, and the intercondylar notch

Back 117

Femur

Front 118

* The tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the ___
* They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane
* They articulate with the femur proximally and with the ankle bones distally
* They also articulate with each other via the immovable tibiofibular joints

Back 118

Leg

Front 119

* Receives the wieght of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
* Major markings include medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, the tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, and fibular notch

Back 119

Tibia

Front 120

* Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia
* Major markings include the head and lateral malleolus

Back 120

Fibula

Front 121

* The skeleton of the ___ includes the tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges (toes)

Back 121

Foot

Front 122

The ___ supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running

Back 122

Foot

Front 123

* Composed of seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot
* Body weight is carried primarily on the talus and calcaneus

Back 123

Tarsus

Front 124

* Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, and the calcaneus inferiorly
* Other ___ bones include the cuboid and navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

Back 124

Tarsus

Front 125

* Forms the heel of the foot

Back 125

Calcaneus

Front 126

Carries the talus on its superior surface

Back 126

Calcaneus

Front 127

Point of attachment for the calcaneal (achilles) tendon of the calf muscles

Back 127

Calcaneus

Front 128

* Five (1-5) long bones that articulate with the proximal phalanges
* The enlarged head of ___ 1 forms the "ball of the foot"

Back 128

Metatarsals

Front 129

* The 14 bones of the toes
* Each digit has three phalnges except the Hallux, which has no middle phalanx

Back 129

phalanges

Front 130

* The foot has 3 arches maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments

Back 130

Arches of the foot

Front 131

___ allow the foot to hold up weight

Back 131

Arches

Front 132

cuboid is keystone of this arch

Back 132

Lateral longitudinal

Front 133

talus is keystone of this arch

Back 133

Medial longitudinal

Front 134

runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other

Back 134

Transverse

Front 135

An infant skull has more bones than the ____ skull

Back 135

Adult

Front 136

At birth, fetal skull bones are incomplete and connected by ____

Back 136

fontanels

Front 137

____
* Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones
* The four ____ are anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid

Back 137

Fontanels

Front 138

Skull bones such as the mandible and maxilla are _____

Back 138

unfused

Front 139

At ____, the cranium is huge relative to the face

Back 139

Birth

Front 140

Mandible and maxilla are forshortened but lengthen with ___

Back 140

age

Front 141

The ____ and ____ grow at a faster rate than the head and trunk, leading to adult proportions

Back 141

Arms and Legs

Front 142

Only thoracic and sacral curvatures are present at ____

Back 142

Birth

Front 143

The primary curvatures are ____ posteriorly, causing the infant spine to arch like a four-legged animal

Back 143

Convex

Front 144

Secondary curvatures- ____ and _____ are convex anteriorly and are associated with the child's development

Back 144

Cervical and Lumbar

Front 145

Developmental Aspects of ___ ___
* Intervertebral discs become thin, less hydrated, and less elastic
* Risk of disc herniation increases
* Loss of stature by several centimeters is common after age 55
* Costal cartilages ossify causing the thoax to become rigid
* All bones lose mass

Back 145

Old Age