A&p Ch. 6 Circulatory

Front 1

What are the 4 valves of the heart

Back 1

Tricuspid

Mitral

Pulmonic

Aortic

Front 2

What are Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropy effects?

Back 2

Strength of contraction

Rate

Cunductibility

Front 3

Which ions are responsible for initiating and conducting electrical charges in the heart?

Back 3

Na+

K+

Ca²+

Front 4

What is depolarization?

Back 4

Electrical discharge

Front 5

What is the difference between the absolute refractory period and the relative refractory period?

Back 5

During absolute refractory period the cell CAN NOT depolerize but it MIGHT be able to during the relative refractory period with a strong enough stimulus.

Front 6

What does the P wave signify?

Back 6

Atrial contraction and the beginning of the electrical impulse

Front 7

What does the PR segment signify?

Back 7

Represents the time delay that occurs in the AV node.

Front 8

What does the QRS complex signify?

Back 8

Ventricular contraction

Front 9

What does the ST segment signify?

Back 9

Depolarization of the heart

Front 10

What does the T wave signify?

Back 10

Completion of repolerization.

Front 11

Which vessels supply blood to the heart?

Back 11

The coronary arteries

Front 12

What does the left main coronary artery bifurcate into?

Back 12

The anterior descending artery

And circumflex coronary artery

Front 13

What arteries are involved in the circulation of the head and neck?

Back 13

Brachiocephalic artery

Left common Carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

Front 14

What arteries are involved in the circulation of the upper extremities?

Back 14

Subclavian artery

Vertebral artery

Axillary artery

Brachial artery

Ulnar and radial arteries

Front 15

What arteries are involved in the circulation of the thoracic organs?

Back 15

The visceral arteries that branches from the thoracic aorta

Front 16

What arteries are involved in the circulation of the thoracic wall?

Back 16

Parietal arteries

Front 17

What arteries are involved in the circulation of the ribs and chest wall?

Back 17

Intercoastal arteries

Front 18

What are the major abdominal arteries?

Back 18

Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric

Inferior mesenteric arteries

Front 19

What do the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta supply?

Back 19

Kidneys

Adrenal glands

Gonads

Front 20

What do the parietal branches of the abdominal aorta supply?

Back 20

Diaphragm

Abdominal wall

Front 21

What arteries are involved in the circulation of the pelvis and lower extremities?

Back 21

Internal and external iliac arteries

Femoral arteries

Popliteal arteries

Tibial arteries

Dorsalis pedis arteries

Front 22

What are aganulocytes?

Back 22

Leukocytes that lack granules

Front 23

What are albumins?

Back 23

The smallest plasma proteins

Front 24

What is an alpha effect?

Back 24

Stimulation of alpha cells that results in vasoconstriction.

Front 25

What is anemia?

Back 25

A lower than normal hemoglobin or erythrocyte level

Front 26

What are antibodies and how do they work?

Back 26

Proteins secreted by certain immune cells that react against foreign antigens in the body

They bind to the antigens making them more visible to the immune system

Front 27

Where is the aortic arch?

Back 27

The section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions

Front 28

What is arteriosclerosis?

Back 28

A pathologic condition in which the arterial walls become thickened and inelastic

Front 29

What is atherosclerosis?

Back 29

A disorder characterized by the formation of plaques of materials, mostly lipids and cholesterol on the inner arterial walls.

Front 30

What is the axillary vein?

Back 30

Formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins

Hint 30

It drains into the subclavian vein

Front 31

What are B cells?

Back 31

Lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies that bind and destroy to foreign antigens.

Front 32

Where can you find baroreceptors and what do they respond to?

Back 32

Blood vessels

Kidneys

Brain

Heart

Respond to pressure changes in the heart or main arteries

Front 33

What is the Basilar artery?

Back 33

Formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foraman magnum.

Front 34

What is the basilic artery?

Back 34

One of two major veins in the arm

Hint 34

Combines with the cephalic vein to join the axillary vein

Front 35

What are basophils?

Back 35

White blood cells that work to produce chemical mediators during an immune response

Front 36

What is a beta effect?

Back 36

Stimulation of beta receptors to increase Inotropic, dromotropic and chronotropic states.

Front 37

What is bilirubin?

Back 37

A waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver

Front 38

what is the carotid bifurcation?

Back 38

The point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external arteries.

Front 39

What are carotid canals?

Back 39

An opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter

Front 40

What is the carotid sinus?

Back 40

A slight dilation in the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure

Front 41

What is the cephalic vein?

Back 41

On of the two major veins in the arm that combine to form the axillary vein

Front 42

Which to veins combine to form the axillary vein?

Back 42

Basilic

Cephalic

Front 43

Where is the cerebellum located and what does it control?

Back 43

Dorsal to the pons

Coordination and balance

Front 44

Which arteries supply large portions of blood to the cerebral cortex of the brain?

Back 44

Cerebral arteries

Front 45

What do chemoreceptors sense?

Back 45

Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in organs

Ph in the cerbrospinal fluid and blood

Front 46

What are chordae tendineae?

Back 46

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

Front 47

What is the circle of Willis?

Back 47

An interconnection of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery

Hint 47

Forms an important source of collateral circulation in the brain

Front 48

What is the circumflex coronary artery?

Back 48

On of two branches of the coronary artery

Front 49

What are cusps?

Back 49

Flaps that comprise the heart valve

Front 50

What body cavities does the descending aorta extend through?

Back 50

Thoracic

Abdominal

Pelvic

Front 51

What is diapedesis?

Back 51

A process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed the most

Front 52

What is electrical potential?

Back 52

An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant.

Front 53

What is another name for the epicardium?

Back 53

The visceral pericardium

Front 54

What is endocarditis?

Back 54

Infection of a heart valve

Front 55

What are Eosinophils?

Back 55

WBC that make a major role in allergic reactions and Bronchoconstriction during an asthma attack.

Front 56

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

Back 56

When a pregnant mothers blood type is different than the baby's and the mothers antibodies destroy the fetus' RBC

Front 57

What are erythrocytes?

Back 57

RBCs

Front 58

What is erythropoiesis?

Back 58

The process by which RBCs are made

Front 59

What is the femoral vein?

Back 59

An extension of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein

Front 60

What is fibrin?

Back 60

A white insoluble protein that is important in the clotting process.

Front 61

What is fibrinogen?

Back 61

A plasma protein that is important for blood coagulation

Front 62

What is a foramen oval?

Back 62

An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly after birth

Front 63

What is a Foramen ovalis?

Back 63

A depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foraman ovale had been located in the fetus.

Front 64

What are granulocytes?

Back 64

A type of leukocytes that has large cytoplasmic granules

Front 65

What is hematocrit?

Back 65

The percentage of blood volume made up by RBCs

Front 66

What is another name for erythropoiesis?

Back 66

Hematopoiesis

Front 67

What is hemostasis?

Back 67

Control of bleeding by a formation of blood clots

Front 68

What is heparin?

Back 68

A substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting.

Front 69

What is Rheumatic fever?

Back 69

An acute condition that affects children and young adults and can cause permanent damage to the aortic and mitral valves.

Front 70

What is the pathophysiology behind Rheumatic fever?

Back 70

Valve cusps become rigid and are unable to open and close properly.

You have valvular stenosis -amount of foward blood is decreased

You have valvular regurgitation

Front 71

Cardiac pathophysiology to dehydration.

Back 71

Baroreceptors sense abnormally low blood volume cause a release of epi and norepinephrine. Increased pulse and contractility

Front 72

What is the hepatic portal system?

Back 72

A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen.

Front 73

What are hepatic veins?

Back 73

The veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter blood, and metabolize various drugs.

Front 74

What is histamine?

Back 74

A chemical found in the mast cells that, when released, causes vasodilation, capillary leaking, and bronchiole constriction.

Front 75

Where does the inferior vena cava carry blood?

Back 75

From the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart.

Front 76

What is ischemia?

Back 76

Insufficient oxygen At a particular tissue site.

Front 77

When you see a patient with jaundice they have an excess of what?

Back 77

Bilirubin

Front 78

Your jugular veins carry blood away from where?

Back 78

The head and neck

Front 79

What is leukemia?

Back 79

A cancerous condition in which certain white blood cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues.

Front 80

What is a leukocyte?

Back 80

WBC responsible for fighting infection.

Front 81

What are lymphocytes?

Back 81

WBC responsible for a large part of the body's immune system.

Front 82

What are macrophages?

Back 82

Cells that develop from the monocytes that provide some of the body's first line of defense in the inflammatory process.

Front 83

What are mast cells?

Back 83

Cells to which antibodies attach, formed in response to allergens.

Front 84

What happens when allergens attach to antigens on the mast cell surface?

Back 84

The cells release potent inflammatory mediators resulting in allergic symptoms or potentially anaphalaxis.

Front 85

What is in the mediastinum?

Back 85

Heart

Trachea

Mainstem bronchi

Part of the esophagus

Large blood vessels

Front 86

What is mesenteric angina?

Back 86

Pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis.

Front 87

What is a mesenteric infarction?

Back 87

Blockage of a mesenteric artery, resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel.

Front 88

What is a monocyte?

Back 88

Granulocyte that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection.

Front 89

What is a murmur?

Back 89

An abnormal heart sounds heard as a "whooshing", indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart.

Front 90

What is another name for the heart?

Back 90

Myocardium

Front 91

What are neutrophils?

Back 91

WBCs that are one of the three types of granulocytes, they have multilobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread.

Front 92

What do neutrophils do?

Back 92

Destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes, and foreign matter.

Front 93

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Back 93

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Front 94

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

Back 94

Monocytes

Lyphocytes

Front 95

What repetors does norepinephrine have a greater effect on?

Back 95

Alpha

Front 96

What does the P wave represent?

Back 96

Depolerization if the ventricles.

Front 97

What are palmar arches?

Back 97

Two arches formed from the radial and lunar vessels within the hand.

Front 98

What are the two palmar arches?

Back 98

Superficial

Deep

Front 99

What are papillary muscles?

Back 99

Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the calves by muscular strands called chordae tendinae.

Front 100

What is pericardial effusion?

Back 100

Condition in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, impairing the hearts ability to expand and contract properly.

Front 101

What is another name for the pericardial sac?

Back 101

Pericardium

Front 102

What a pericardiocentesis?

Back 102

A life saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade.

Front 103

What is pericarditis?

Back 103

Infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in sever chest pain.

Front 104

What is phlebitis?

Back 104

Inflammation of the wall of the vein.

Front 105

How can phlebitis present?

Back 105

Tenderness

Redness

Slight edema along part of the length of the vein.

Front 106

How of you're total blood volume does plasma make up?

Back 106

55%

Front 107

What is plasmin?

Back 107

A naturally occurring clot dissolving enzyme, usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen.