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113 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

list the three types of joints and their functions

fibrous joint, cartilaginious, synovial joint


fibrous joint

bones held together by dense regular connective tissue.

cartilaginous joint

bones are held together by cartilage

synovial joint

has a fluid filled joint cavity that seperates the articulating surface of the bones

movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

abduction

most common joint in the skull

suture

a bending movement that decreases the angle of a joint; bringing the articulating bones closer together

flexion

THE TERMS INVERSION AND DORSIFLEXION PERTAIN ONLY TO THE ___________.

FEET

TYPES OF ARTHRITIS

rheumatoid, Osteoarthritis, Gouty arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

bones may fuse, more common in women, autoimmune disorder

Osteoarthritis

joint disease caused by aging; more common

gouty arthritis

abnormal uric acid in the blood; more common in men.

Ilia in male (pelvis)

higher and straighter; arch less than 90 degrees; narrow inlet, sacrum is long and curves up into true pelvis; ischial spines are close together

ilia in female (pelvis)

more wide (almost bowl shaped); more that 90 degree arch; inlet is large and circular; sacrum is short and more straight; ischial spine is short and farther apart.

semilunar fibrocartilage pads found in some synovial joints (ex the knee joint)

menisci

lyme disease is a bacterial disease that can cause joint pain and arthritis. Lyme disease is transmitted by ______________.

Ticks

a fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket

gomphosis

the distinguishing features of synovial joints is?

articular cartilage, synovial cavity, articualar capsule, synovial fluid, rich in blood vessels and nerves.

flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid.

Bursae

EX of uniaxial joints

hip joint, elbow

interosseus fibrous joint

radius and ulnar

the joint between metacarpal 1 and the trapezium is a __________

saddle joint

the _______ is a cartilaginous joint in which the articular surfaces of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage and fuse to a plate of fibrocartilage

symphesis

what movement of the forearm turns the palm face upward and the radius rotates over the ulna?

Pronation

what suture joins the frontal bone to the parietal bone?

Coronal

Keystone of the cranium

Sphenoid

why is the hyoid bone unique?

It does NOT articulate with any other bone in the human body

The 7 bones that contribute to the formation of the orbits

Frontal bone, maxilla, lacrimal, ethnoid, sphenoid, palatine, zygomatic

What two facial bones are UNPAIRED?

Mandible & Vomer

Vertebra with NO body

atlas

3 seperate hip bones of a Child

Ishium, illium, Pubis


(in adults, the bones are fuse)

Skull bone that the foramen magnum passes through is the _____________?

Occipital

what type of bone is a vertebrae?

Irregular bone

List the types of vertebrae

7 cervical


12 thoracic


5 lumbar


1 sacrum


1 coccyx


-------------------


26 total vertebra

There are _________ pairs of ribs in the human skeleton.

24

___________ of the ribs are true ribs

14 (two pair 7+7=14)

___________ of the ribs are false ribs

6



two pair (3+3=6)


____________ of the ribs are floating ribs

4


two pair (2+2=4)


articulates whith the humerous of the arm, forming the shoulder joint

Glenohumeral Joint

Thoracic vertebrae differ because they have

facets for attachment of RIBS

chondyle of the humerus that articulates with the radius

Capitulum

only vertebrae with transverse foramen

Cervical

what two bones is the pectoral girdle made up of?

Clavicle and Scapula

a small central pit in the femurs head, from which a small ligament runs to the acetabulum.

Fovea Capitis

Failure of these bones to fuse can cause Cleft Palate.

Maxillae

abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region

Scoliosis

membranous areas between the cranial bone of the fetal skull that allows for ease of passage through the birth canal and brain growth

Fontanelles

functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, movement, homeostasis, blood cell production, storage

epidermal layer responsible for cell division and replacement

basale

order of epidermal layers (apical first)

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

layer of dermis that constitutes 80% and contains fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

The reticular layer

Eccrine glands secrete _____________

water

Coarse hair of the eyebrows and the scalp

terminal

The secretion of sebum (secreted by sebaceous glands) is stimulated by..........

Hormones, especially androgens

Where are apocrine sweat glands found on the human body?

armpits and pubic region

Fingernails are a modification of what part of the integumentary system?

Epidermis

The muscle connected to hair follicles that cause Goose bumps

arrector pili muscles

only visible in thick skin

Stratum Lucidum

4 main cell types in the epidermis

Kerintocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

types of skin cancer (least common to most common)

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

epidermal layer responsible for cell division and replacement

Basale

order of epidermis layer (apical surface)

Corneum, granulosome, spinosume, basal

layer of dermis that constitutes 80% of the dermis and contain fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

reticular layer

the eccrine glands secrete _________

water

the coarse hair of the scalp and eyebrows is called

terminal

what promotes the sebaceous glands to produce sebum

hormones

Apocrine are found where on the human body

arm pits and pubic area

fingernails are modifications of what part of the integumentary system

Epidermis

which muscles attached to the hair follicle cause goose bumps?

Arrector pili muscles

the stratum ___________ is visible only in thick skin

Lucidum

types of skin cancer starting with the most common

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma cell carcinoma

most deadly skin canver; must be removed quickly to prevent metastasis

melnoma cell carcinoma

FIRST threat to life from a 3rd degree burn

dehydration and lack of electrolytes

functions of the integumentary system

to provide a chemical, physical, and biological barrier for the body.


-body temp regulation


-cutaneous sensations


-metabolic


-blood reservoir -5% bodys blood vol.


what part of the skin is the blood reservoir found?

the dermis

changes in the natural color of skin. _________ may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

Erythema (redness)

acne is a disorder associated with ___________

sebaceous glands

the single most important risk for skin cancer is ____________.

UV rays

Vernix caseosa is a _____________

whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

Which gland secretes ear wax?

Ceruminous

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health. Which of the following protects against excessive water loss through the skin?

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called ____________________.

Dermal Papillae

List the three pigments that contribute to skin color

Melanin, carotene, hemagloben

a ___________ is a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process found only in the femur.

Trochanter

list the steps of intramembranous ossification

1. ossification centers appear


2. osteoid is secrete


3. woven bone and periosteum form


4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears.

What gland produces a hormone that increases blood calcium?

Parathyroid

A __________ is a shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.

Fossa

list the bones formed by intramembranous ossification

flat bones

A fracture in the shaft of the bone would be a break in the

Diaphysis

A ________ is a smooth, nearly flat articular surface on a bone.

Facet

what are the two places hyaline cartilage can be found after secondary ossification of long bone is complete?

articular surface of joints and epiphyseal plate

appositional cartilage growth

growth on top; chondroblasts lay down cartilage matrix on existing cartilage

Interstitial cartilage growth

from within; chondroblasts multiply within lacunae

list the stages in bone repair

hematoma forms, fibrocartilageinour callus forms, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

in the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows from _________ to _______.

diaphysis to epiphysis

A __________ fracture is one in which the broken bone penetrates the skin

open

which type of bone cell is responsible for resorbtion (breakdown) for various reasons

osteoclasts

the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live

lacunae

list the four types of bone acording to shape

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

example of long bone

femur, tibia, humerus, radius, and ulna

ex. short bones

carpals, tarsals

ex flat bones

frontal , parietal

ex irregular bones

spinal collumn, sphenoid, ethmoid bones

the structural unit of compact bone is _______

osteon

runs through the core of each osteon and contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve need of the osteons cells

central canal

concentric rings of bone matrix within an osteon are called ___________

lamellae

osteoporosis

a common disease of the bones and is often silent until fracture occurs. Low bone mass and increased fragility of bones

______ are found in osteoid (the organic part) of he bone matrix and contribute to bones structure and great tensile stregnth

collagen

what chemicals constitute the inorgnic part of the bone?

calcium phosphate

functions of the skeletal system

mechanical, protective, metabolic

____________ is a childhood disease characterized by poor bone mineralization, soft bones, and bone deformities. It is caused by calcium or vitamin D deficiency

rickets

define perichondria

the connective tissue that envelopes cartilage where it is not at a joint

define osteomalacia

softening of the bones