A&p- Ch. 15

Front 1

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward the tissues

Back 1

Arteries

Front 2

A type of blood vessel that is a subdivision of the arteries; they carry blood into the capillaries

Back 2

Arterioles

Front 3

A type of blood vessel that is a tiny, thin walled vessels that allow for exchange between systems; these exchanges occur between the blood and the body, as well as between the blood and air in lung tissues; they connect the arterioles and the venules.

Back 3

Capillaries

Front 4

Small blood vessels that receive blood from the capillaries and begin its transport back toward the heart.

Back 4

Venules

Front 5

Blood vessels formed by multiple venules; they continue to transport blood until it returns to the heart.

Back 5

Veins

Front 6

Two types of blood circuits:

Back 6

The pulmonary circuit & the systemic circuit

Front 7

The circuit that delivers blood to the lungs , where some carbon dioxide is eliminated and oxygen is replenished.

Back 7

The pulmonary circuit

Front 8

Delivers blood to the rest of the body; these vessels supply nutrients and oxygen to all the tissues and carry waste materials away from the tissues for disposal

Back 8

The systemic circuit

Front 9

Part of the systemic circuit; receives freshly oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and then branches into the systemic arteries carrying blood to the tissues

Back 9

Aorta

Front 10

The 3 tunics (coats) of the arteries:

Back 10

The inner tunic, the middle tunic, and the outer tunic

Front 11

The 3 tunics (coats) of the arteries:

Back 11

The inner tunic, the middle tunic, and the outer tunic

Front 12

A membrane of simple, squamous epithelial cells that make up the endothelium; forms a smooth surface for which the blood flows easily

Back 12

The inner tunic

Front 13

The thickest layer; made up of smooth involuntary muscle; controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Back 13

The middle tunic

Front 14

The layer made of supporting connective tissue

Back 14

The outer tunic

Front 15

The systemic arteries begins with the aorta; the aorta is one continuous artery, but it is divided into 4 regions:

Back 15

The ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta

Front 16

The division of the aorta that is near the heart and inside the pericardial sac

Back 16

The ascending aorta

Front 17

The division of the aorta that curves from the right to the left and also extends posteriorly

Back 17

The aortic arch

Front 18

The division of the aorta that lies just anterior to the vertebral column posterior to the heart in the mediastinum

Back 18

The thoracic aorta

Front 19

The division of the aorta that is the longest; begins at the diaphragm and spans the length of the abdominal cavity

Back 19

The abdominal aorta

Front 20

The ascending aorta has two branches near the heart which supply the heart muscle; these arteries form a crown at the hearts base and give off branches to all parts of the myocardium

Back 20

Left & right coronary artery

Front 21

The artery that supplies the right side of the neck, head, and brain

Back 21

Right common carotid artery

Front 22

The artery that extends upward from the highest part of the aortic arch; it supplies the left side of the neck and the head.

Back 22

The left common carotid artery

Front 23

The artery that extends under the left clavicle and supplies the left upper extremity; this is the aortas last branch

Back 23

Left subclavian artery

Front 24

The artery that extends under the right clavicle and supplies the right upper extremity

Back 24

Right subclavian artery

Front 25

A short artery about 1/2 in long that divides into 3 branches: the the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the hepatic artery

Back 25

Celiac trunk

Front 26

The largest branch of the descending aorta; carries blood to most of the small intestine and to the first half of the large intestine

Back 26

The superior mesenteric artery

Front 27

The arteries that carry blood to the kidneys

Back 27

The renal arteries

Front 28

The abdominal aorta finally divides into two_____ ____ arteries; these vessels are 2 in long and extend into the pelvis

Back 28

Common iliac arteries

Front 29

The pulse in the thigh is felt by the

Back 29

Femoral artery

Front 30

The artery that travels along the trachea enclosed in a sheath with the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve; the pulse can be felt anterior to the large sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck and below the jaw

Back 30

Carotid arteries

Front 31

The artery that supplies blood to the arms and hands

Back 31

The subclavian artery

Front 32

The vessel in the armpit

Back 32

Auxiliary artery

Front 33

The longest vessel in the arm

Back 33

The brachial artery

Front 34

The artery that continues from the elbow down the thumb side of the arm

Back 34

Radial artery

Front 35

The artery that extends from the elbow down to the little finger side of the arm

Back 35

The ulnar artery

Front 36

A communication between two vessels; allows blood to reach vital organs by more than one route

Back 36

Anastomosis

Front 37

An arterial circle at the base of the brain; receives blood from the two internal carotid arteries

Back 37

The circle of Willis/ cerebral arterial circle

Front 38

Made up of communications between branches of the vessel that supplies blood to the intestinal tract

Back 38

The mesenteric arches

Front 39

The veins at the back of the hand and at the front of the elbow; often used for drawing blood and for IV purposes

Back 39

The cephalic, basilic, and median cubital veins

Front 40

Veins on each side of the neck that drain areas supplied by the carotid artery

Back 40

The jugular veins

Front 41

The veins of the lower extremities; the body's longest veins; begins at the foot and extends up the medial side of the leg, the knee, and the thigh; it finally empties into the femoral vein near the groin.

Back 41

The saphenous veins

Front 42

Unpaired veins that drain the spleen and parts of the digestive tract empty into a vein called the ______

Back 42

Hepatic portal vein

Front 43

A portal system which carries blood from the abdominal organs to the liver to be processed before it returns to the heart.

Back 43

The hepatic portal system

Front 44

The purpose of the hepatic portal system:

Back 44

To transport blood from the digestive Organs and spleen to the liver sinusoids so that the liver cells can carry out their functions

Front 45

Functions of the liver:

Back 45

Nutrients are processed, stored, and released as needed. The liver also breaks down alcohol, drugs, and various other toxins

Front 46

The force that filters or pushes water and dissolved materials out of the capillaries into tissue fluid

Back 46

Blood pressure

Front 47

Draws fluid back into the capillaries; is maintained by plasma protein (mainly albumin)

Back 47

Osmotic pressure

Front 48

An increase in the blood vessels internal diameter that allows for the delivery of more blood to an area

Back 48

Vasodilation

Front 49

A decrease in a blood vessels internal diameter causing a decrease in blood flow

Back 49

Vasoconstriction

Front 50

Results from the contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels, mainly the arterioles

Back 50

Vasomotor activities

Front 51

In the medulla of the brain stem; regulates vasomotor activities sending messages through the autonomic nervous system

Back 51

A vasomotor center

Front 52

Several factors promote bloods return the the heart:

Back 52

Contraction of skeletal muscles- as skeletal muscles contract, the compress the veins and squeeze blood forward.

valves in the veins- prevent backflow of blood and keep blood flowing toward the heart.

breathing- pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic cavities during breathing promote venous blood return

Front 53

Can be felt in an artery that is relatively close to the surface; a wave of increased pressure that begins at the heart and travels along the arteries; beats at about 70-80 times a minute

Back 53

Pulse

Front 54

Factors that affect blood pressure:

Back 54

>Total blood volume

>Cardiac output (HR & SV)- more cardiac output= more pressure

>Resistance to blood flow

>Blood vessel compliance / elasticity

Front 55

The total amount of blood that is in the vascular system at a given time; loss of volume will lower blood pressure; an increase in blood volume will increase pressure; kidneys are important regulators of this volume

Back 55

Total blood volume

Front 56

Resistance of arteries to blood flow; affected by vasoconstriction or blood viscosity.

Back 56

Peripheral resistance

Front 57

The maximum pressure on the arteries after the heart muscle contracts

Back 57

Systolic pressure

Front 58

The lowest pressure measured in the arteries after the relaxation of the heart muscle

Back 58

Diastolic pressure

Front 59

The maximum pressure on the arteries after the heart muscle contracts

Back 59

Systolic pressure

Front 60

An instrument used to measure blood pressure

Back 60

Sphygmomanometer

Front 61

Lower than normal blood pressure

Back 61

Hypotension

Front 62

High blood pressure; normally occurs temporarily, but may be persistent due to kidney disease, endocrine disorders, arterial disease or tumors; the first stage usually begins at 140/90 mm

Back 62

Hypertension

Front 63

Hypertension that has no apparent medical cause may be due to excess of an enzyme produced in the kidney

Back 63

Essential hypertension

Front 64

Drug therapy Treatment of hypertension usually begins at 160/100 mm and include:

Back 64

Diuretic drugs, beta blockers, or adrenergic blockers and calcium blockers

Front 65

Hardening of the arteries; begins with damage to arterial endothelium caused by LDL, chemicals, and some proteins; plaque appears in the vessels that separates the walls muscle and elastic tissue layers; the plaque accumulates and interferes with blood flow, leading to development of a blood clot and partial or complete obstruction of the vessel

Back 65

Atherosclerosis

Front 66

Dead tissue invaded by bacteria

Back 66

Gangrene

Front 67

A bulging sac in a blood vessels wall caused by localized weakness in part of the vessel; may burst like a balloon and may be life threatening; the damage may be congenital or a result of arteriosclerosis

Back 67

Aneurysm

Front 68

A life threatening condition in which there is inadequate blood flow to the body tissues

Back 68

Shock

Front 69

The leading cause of shock death; sometimes called pump failure because it is often a complication of heart muscle damage, as occurs in myocardial infarction

Back 69

Cardiogenic shock

Front 70

A type of shock caused by a decrease in the volume of circulating blood and be due to a sever hemorrhage or burn

Back 70

Hypovolemic shock

Front 71

A type of shock resulting from an overwhelming bacterial infection

Back 71

Septic shock

Front 72

A type of shock caused by a sever allergic reaction to to foreign substances to which a person has been sensitized to

Back 72

Anaphylactic shock

Front 73

A formation of a blood clot in a vessel

Back 73

Thrombosis

Front 74

Superficial veins that have become swollen, distorted, and ineffective; this change allows blood to pool in the vessels

Back 74

Varicose veins

Front 75

A varicose vein in the rectum

Back 75

Hemorrhoids