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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are the brain and spinal cord protected?
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bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
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name the meninges:
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dura mater, arachoniod mater, pia mater
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dura mater-
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OUTERMOST layer. It is vascular and is made of tough ct. This covers the brain and spinal cord and actually extends to the sacrum.
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What is the space between the dura mater and the vertebral bones called? a and p
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EPIDURAL SPACE; bl. vessels, loose ct, adipose tissue and provides a protective pad around the spinal cord
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arachnoid mater-ap
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this is the think web-like middle meninges. It is AVASCULAR and covers the brain and spinal cord
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What is found between ara. mater and pia mater?
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cerbrospinal fluid
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pia mater-
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This is the innermost layer. It is VERY THIN and is rich in blood vessles and nerves. It NOURISHES the underlying brain and spinal cord
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What are ventricles?
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inter-connected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. They are continuous with the central canal
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What are ventricles filled with?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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What is the largest venticle?
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lateral ventricle
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How are the 3 and 4 ventricle connected?
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cerebral aqueduct
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What are CHOROID PLEXUSES and where are they found?
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tiny reddish masses of capillaries, in the pia mater
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How much CSF is secreted daily by humans?
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500 ml
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The _____ create a _____ that regulated the compostion of the crebrospinal fluid
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ependymal; blood-CSF barrier
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The anatomy of CSF:
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It is slightly viscid and is clear. Has a higher concentration of sodium and lower concentrations of glucose and potassium than other body fluids.
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The phisiology of CSF:
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Nutritive, Protective (brain and spinal cord float in the fluid...shock absorber), helps maintain a stable ionic concetrationin the CNS, provides a pathway to the blodd for wastes, supplies info. to the hypoth. and brain stem
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The spinal cord is continuous w the _____ and extends through the _____
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brain; vertebral column
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How many segments does the spinal cord have, what does each do?
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31, give rise to a PAIR of spinal nerves
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Where is there enlargements and why?
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cervical and lumbar, bc there are more nerves that lead to arms and legs
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What is the spinal cord made of?
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core is gray matter surrounded by white matter
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What are the functions of the spinal cord?
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conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain, serves as center for spinal reflexes
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What does the tracts to in spinal cord?
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provide a two-way system of communication between the brain and effectors.
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What carries sensory info. to the brain?
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ascending tracts
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What carries impulses to effectors?
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descendin tracts
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Where do they cross at?
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as they enter the brain
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What is a reflex arc and list parts
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the simplest of nerve pathways; recptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
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ap of reflexes:
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they are automatic subsonscious responses to changes inside and outside of the body; reflexes help maintain homeostases by controlling h. rate, breathing rate, digestion, and b. pressure
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Reflexes carry out what actions?
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swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting...
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What are two distince ones and def.:
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patellar reflex-knee; Withdrawal reflex-moing away from something preceived as painful
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What is the larges and most complex of the nervous system?
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brain
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What three major cavities does the brain arise from?
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forbrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
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forebrain-
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anterior portion gives rise to the cerebrum and basal ganglia. The posterior portion gives rise to the deencephalons.
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midbrain-
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midbrain
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hindbrain-
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gives rise to the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblangata.
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What forms the brain stem?
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pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
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What is the largest part of the brain, How are the 2 hemi. connected?
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cerebrum; corpus callosum
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Hemi. are separted by what, the bumps are called what, grooves are called what
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longitudinal fissure, gyri, sulci
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What is found between the cerebrum and cerebellum
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transverse fissure
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Name the lobes of the brain:
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frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
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What is the outermost part of the cerebrum? what is it made of, and what does it contain?
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cerebral cortex, a thin layer of gray matter, 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the entire nervous system
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Functions of the cerebrum:
(includes both lobes) |
INTERPRETATION of sensory impulses, INITIATION of voluntary muscular movements, memory, reasoning, intelligence, personality, speech (Broca's area)
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What part of the brain dominates 90% of pop.? what is it about?
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left- language activities
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what is the right brain?
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creativeness
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Memory-
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storing and retrieving of info. when needed
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What is memory needed for:
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all higher brain functions...learning, reasoning, and asapting
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What re the 3 types of memory and def.
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short term-easily displaced, recent mem.-mem. that is lost from disuse, long term mem- repeadly used and etched in mem.
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Basal Nuclei- ap
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masses of gray matter found deep in the cerebral hemi. Relays motor impulses to the brain stem and spinal cord.
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Brain Stem: ap
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Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblangata
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Midbrain- ap
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found between hypo. and pons on brain stem; has several masses of gray matter that act as reflx centers that maintain posture
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What is found in the midbrain and what is the gray matter called inside it?
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the crebral aqueduct and the corpa quadrigemina; red nucleus
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus:
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heart rate and bl. pressure; body temp.; warter and electrolyte balance; contro of hunger and body weight; control movements and secretions of stomach and intestines; produces sub. to stimulate pit. gland ro release harmones; sleep and wakefulness
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Limbic System:
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thes system controls emotional experience and expression and can modify the way a person acts
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Medulla Oblangata:
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where the ascending and descending tracts go through
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What does it serve as:
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cardiac center- heartbeat; vasomotor center-constiction and dialation of bl. vessels; repiratory center- controls rate and rhythm and depth of breathing
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What is the center of muxcualr coordination that helps us maintain posture and equilbrium?
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cerebellum
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Types of sleep:
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normal, parasoxical
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normal:
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restful, dreamless sleep that is accompanied by reduced blood pressuer and repiratory rate
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paradoxical-
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some areas of the brain are still active. you have dreams irregualr heart beat and repiratory rates ant REM
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What is the PNS made of:
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all of the nerves outside the CNS
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what are its two divisions:
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somatic, and autonomic
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somatic system-
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cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles. oversees conscious activities
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autonomic system-
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this connects the CNS to visceral organs and glands. This dive. function independently and continuously without conscious effort
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what are the 2 divi of the auto. system?
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sympathetic, parasympathetic
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sympathetic-
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associated with the "fight or flight". Prepares the body for energy expending, stressful or emergency activities
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char. of sympathetic: (stress)
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neck hair stands up, acute senses, heart beats faster and harder, shallow breathing, blood shoots to the skeletal
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parasympathetic- (peace)
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returns the body to a non-emergency state after sympathetic
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