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82 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are endocrine glands? |
Glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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What are exocrine glands? |
Glands that secrete chemicals for elimination. |
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What are hormones? |
Specialized substances that regulate many body functions. |
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What is a prostaglandin? |
A group of hormone-like fatty acids Cause uterine contractions, regulation for blood pressure, smooth muscle contraction and pain and inflammation. |
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Do corticosteroids and thyroid hormones bind to receptors on the inside or outside of cells? |
Inside All other hormones bind to outside receptors |
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What is negative feedback? |
The concept that once the desired effect of the hormone is achieved further production of that hormone is inhibited until it is needed again. |
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Negative feedback is also called _________. |
Feedback inhibition |
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What is positive feedback? |
The concept that once the desired effect of the hormone begins, further production of that hormone is stimulated. |
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Which gland is called the master gland and where is it found? |
The pituitary gland The base of the brain |
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What regulates the function of the pituitary gland? |
The hypothalamus |
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What are hormones produced by the neurohypophysis called? |
Neurohormones |
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What are the two major hormones stored and secreted by the neurohypophysis? |
Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin |
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In high concentrations what does an antidiuretic hormone do to the body? |
Constricts blood vessels and raises BP |
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What does an antidiuretic hormone cause in the kidneys? |
Promotes water retention and reduction in urine volume. |
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What does oxytocin do? |
Causes the smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus to contract and milk to be released from the breast of a lactating women. |
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What is the anterior pituitary gland called and why are their hormones not called neurohormones? |
Adenohypophysis Because it is not considered part of the CNS |
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What is the growth hormone called? |
Somatotropin |
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What does somatotropin do? |
Stimulates growth especially in long bones Increases protein synthesis and the use of fats for energy Stimulates production of protein in liver and skeletal muscle |
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What releases growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone? |
Hypothalamus |
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What is the thyroid-stimulating hormone called? |
Thyrotropin |
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What is ACTH and what does it do? |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Essential in development of the cortex of the adrenal gland and its secretion of corticosteroids steroids |
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What hormones regulates the production of both egg and sperm as well as production of reproductive hormones? |
Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone |
Both are under the influence of ganadotropin-releasing hormone |
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Which hormone plays an important role in milk production in women? |
Prolactin |
Helps in sperm production in men |
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Where is the thyroid gland and how many lobes does it have? |
Below the larynx 2 lobes |
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What is the band of tissues called that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland? |
Isthmus |
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What do the hormones that the thyroid secretes do? |
Hormones that influence growth, development and metabolism |
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Where can you find thyroglobulin and what does it do? |
In the follicles of the thyroid gland A protein that binds thyroid hormones |
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Where can you find calcitonin and what does it do? |
In the parafollicular cells between the follicles of the thyroid glands Important in regulating calcium levels in the body |
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What are the two major hormones produced by the thyroid? |
T³ triiodothyronine T⁴ tetraiodothyronine |
Produced when the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Where are the parathyroid glands located? |
Posterior thyroid gland surface |
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Is the pancreas a exocrine or an endocrine gland and how? |
Exocrine when secreting digestive juices And Endocrine when releasing hormones (insulin and glucagon) |
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What does insulin do? |
Causes sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids to be taken up and metabolized by cells. |
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What does glucagon do? |
Stimulated the breakdown of glycogen to glucose Also cause the liver and kidney to produce glucose from non carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis). |
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Where are the adrenal glands located and what do they do? |
On top of the kidneys Manufacture and secrete sex hormones as well as hormones vital in maintaining the body's water and salt balance. |
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What do the adrenal glands secrete? |
Adrenaline and corticosteroids |
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What are the reproductive glands? |
Ovaries in women Testes in men |
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What (is,are) the major reproductive hormones in men and women |
Men-testosterone Women-estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic ganadotropin. |
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Where is the pineal gland located and what hormone does it secrete? |
Deep in the cerebral hemispheres Secretes melatonin in response to light conditions |
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What does aldosterone do? |
Increases the rate of active reabsorption sodium and chloride ions into the blood and decreases the reabsorption of potassium. |
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What are alpha cells? |
Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon. |
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What are anabolic steroids? |
Synthetic adrogens used to increase muscle mass |
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What are adrogens? |
Male sex hormones |
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What is vasopressin? |
ADH Constricts blood vessels and raises BP |
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What are beta cells? |
Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin. |
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What are beta endorphins and what do they do? |
Protein produced in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary Have same effects as opiate drugs such as morphine but are 80x more potent |
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What are circadian rhythms? |
Help the body distinguish day from night |
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What is Conn syndrome? |
A condition that results in the excess secretion of aldosterone |
Commonly caused by a benign tumor |
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What is the most important steroid created by the adrenal glands? |
Cortisol |
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What is Cushing syndrome? |
A condition caused by the excessive production of cortisol Results in obesity,moon face, high BP, abnormal hair growth. |
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How does diabetes insipidus and mellitus differ? |
Insipidus is a pituitary gland disorder that causes large productions of dilute urine Mellitus is an impaired production of insulin by the pancreas |
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What is exophthalmos? |
Protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket |
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What is a goiter? |
Enlarged visible mass in the anterior part of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland |
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What are hormone-sensitive lapase and what do they do? |
Enzyme activated by glucagon Breaks triglycerides down into free fatty acids and glycerol. |
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What is hyperparathyroidism? |
When there is an excess secretion of parathyroid hormones there is a loss of calcium from the bones and an increase in serum calcium levels |
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What is hyperthyroidism and what side effects does it have? |
Over activity of the thyroid gland Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, rapid pulse, elevates BP, diarrhea, and sometimes bulging eyes |
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What is hypophysis? |
The gland that secretes hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body |
Also called pituitary glands |
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What are releasing factors and what I'd another name for them? |
Compounds that travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in a specialized set of blood vessels. Also called inhibiting factors |
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What is the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system? |
The specialized set of blood vessels that carry releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. |
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What is the infundibulum? |
The stalk that connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. |
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What is another name for adenohypophysis? |
Anterior pituitary (lobe) |
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What is another name for the neurohypophysis? |
Posterior pituitary (lobe) |
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What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland? |
Anterior and posterior. |
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How does the posterior pituitary gland differ from the anterior pituitary? |
It is made up mostly of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells |
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What is another name for ADH? |
Vasopressin |
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What are osmoreceptors? |
Specialized neurons in the brain that regulate the secretion of ADH |
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Growth hormone stimulates the production of a protein. What is that protein? |
Somatomedins |
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What is another name for growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone? |
Somatostatin |
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What does somatostatin do? |
Inhibits the release of GH. |
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What are corticosteroids? |
Any if several steroids secreted by the adrenal glands. |
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Which hormone stimulates the release of LH and FSH? |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
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Where are prolactin-releasing hormones and prolactin-inhibiting hormones realeased? |
Hypothalamus |
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Just know! |
The thyroid has 2 lobes Connected by isthmus Covered by connective tissue w/secrtory parts called follicles Filled with clear substance called colloid Colloid stores hormones produced by follicles |
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What is thyroxine-binding globulin? |
Protein synthesized by the liver that binds to hormones T3 and T4 |
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What does parathyroid hormone do? |
Maintain normal levels of calcium in blood and normal neuromuscular function |
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What is gluconeogenosis? |
The production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules |
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What is hormone-sensitive lipase? |
An enzyme that is activated by glucagon. |
Breaks triglycerides down into free fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Where is epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? |
Medulla of the adrenal glands. |
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What are the zones of the adrenal cortex? |
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis |
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Just know! |
Zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids (hormones in regulating the water and salt balance) Most important mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. |
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Just know! |
Zona fasciculata Glucocorticoids Cortisol |
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Just know! |
Zona reticularis Androgens Androstenedione |
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What is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis? |
Regulates the secretion of corticosteroids |
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