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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Composition of Blood |
55% Plasma (90% water, 7% proteins) 1% Buffy Coat (WBC & platelets) 45% RBC |
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How much blood do women have? Men? |
Women have 4-5L; men have 5-6L |
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What are the plasma proteins and their functions? |
Albumin (54%) transport waste, hormones, biliruben
Globulin (38%) * immunoglobulins help fight infection *Other globulins, ex. hemoglobulin, transport minerals, lipids and vitamins
Fibrinogen (7%) assist with blood clotting; forms fibrin threads. |
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What are the formed elements of the blood? |
RBCs (erythrocytes) WBCs (leukocytes) \ buffy coat Platelets (thrombocytes) / |
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What is hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)? Where does it occur in adults? |
Blood cell production, which occurs in the red marrow (found in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal femur & proximal humerus). |
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Process of RBC blood formation |
stem cell -> erythropoietin -> proerythroblast -> spits out nucleus -> reticulocyte -> RBC |
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What is the hormone leading to RBC production? |
Erythropoietin |
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What is the hormone leading to platelet formation? |
Thrombopoietin |
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What hormone stimulates WBC production? |
Cytokines |
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What is hematocrit? |
Hematocrit is the total RBC value. |
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How do you calculate hematocrit? What's a normal level? |
RBC vol. / total blood vol. x 100%
Normal values female: 38-46%; male: 40-54%
Too high = polycythemia Too low = anemia |
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5 types of anemia |
1- sickle cell anemia (genetic, blood transfusion) 2- iron deficiency anemia (iron supplement) 3-hemolytic anemia (RBC ruptures; caused by poison, newborn blood transfusion) 4- pernicious anemia (B12 deficit; GI disorder ex: Chrone's, treatment B12 injections) 5- aplastic anemia (decrease in RBC by bone marrow, treatment blood transfusion) |
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3 types of jaundice; where is the problem? |
Pre-hepatic or Hemolytic jaundice
Hepatic jaundice decreased liver excretion of bilirubin; caused by necrosis from hepatitis or alcohol abuse
Post hepatic jaundice blockage of bile secretion (bile duct); caused by gallstones or tumor |
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List the steps for recycling hemoglobin. |
1- RBCs are broken down into heme and globulins by macrophages in the liver, spleen & bone marrow. 2- Globulin is broken into amino acids for new protein synthesis. 3- Heme is broken down into bilirubin and iron 4- Iron is carried by transferrin and stored by ferritin in liver or spleen. 5- Bilirubin is taken to the liver by Albumin 6- the liver removes bilirubin from albumin and secretes it in the bile through the small intestines. |
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Name the 5 types of white blood cells. Which are granulocytes (*) and which are agranulocytes? |
Neutrophils (*) Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils (*) Basophils (*) |
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What is the role and prominence of the neutrophil? |
Responds to bacteria or injury, 1st responder; phagocytosis
most prominent
(granulocyte) |
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What is the role and prominence of the eosinophil?
How is it recognized under the microscope? |
Responds to allergen or histamine; increase with parasites, allergies and autoimmune disorders
phagocytosis
Bi-lobed nucleus; stains red, bright pink
(granulocyte) |
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What is the role and prominence of the basophil?
How is it recognized under the microscope? |
Releases histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to prevent clotting; increase with cancers, hypothyroidism, leukemia, allergies
Least prominent
granulocyte, stains dark blue with large nucleus |
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What is the role and prominence of the monocyte?
How is it recognized under the microscope? |
Responds to viral or fungal infections; garbage eaters (wandering macrophage) phagocytosis
agranularcyte; largest WBC; kidney shaped nuclei |
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What is the role and prominence of the lymphocyte?
How is it recognized under the microscope? |
Smallest WBC, specific immunity; 2nd prominent
agranularcyte; large nuclei takes up most of the cell, small light blue rim |
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Increased WBC level is called.....
Decreased WBC level is called...... |
Leukocytosis - increase WBC caused by illness or disease
Leukopenia - decrease WBC due to cancer, medication (ex: chemo, radiation), immunosuppression (ex: AIDS) |
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Steps in clot formation |
1- Injured cell release tissue factor 2- TF works with calcium, factor V & X 3- Prothrombinasse converts prothrombin into 4- Thrombin is an enzyme that converts 5- Fibrin makes a web around the platelets to |
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Hemophilia A is caused by...... Hemophilia B is caused by..... |
Hemophilia A is caused by mutations in the clotting factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor)
Hemophilia B is caused by mutations in the clotting factor IX (Christmas Factor) |
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Thrombosis |
Clots formed in undamaged blood vessels due to blood clotting too easily. |
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Embolus |
Clot or debris which can get stuck in smaller vessels (ex: pulmonary capillaries) and inhibit nutrient and gas exchange |
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Hemorrhage |
Clot doesn't form fast enough. |
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Fibrinolysis |
Process of clot being dissolved. |
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Anticoagulants |
factors in the blood that contribute to prevention of clot formation such as heparin and warfarin. |
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Clot retraction |
After plug formation the fibrin threads contract and pull the walls of the damaged blood vessels closer together. |
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Agglutination |
Antigen-Antibody reaction that results in the clumping together of cells; used to determine blood types. |
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Type A Blood |
A antigen Anti-B antibody
Anti A Anti B Anti Rh |
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Type B Blood |
B antigen Anti-A antibody |
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Type AB Blood |
A&B antigens NO antibodies
Anti A Anti B Anti Rh |
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Type O Blood |
NO antigens Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies |
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Dominent genes |
A,B |
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Recessive genes |
O (has no antigens) |
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Universal Recipient |
AB |
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Universal Donor |
O |
